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<p>Preface xxiii</p> <p>About the Companion Website xxvii</p> <p><b>1 Introduction: The Wireless Communication Channel 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Concept of a Wireless Channel 1</p> <p>1.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 5</p> <p>1.4 Spectrum Management and Regulation 6</p> <p>1.5 History 7</p> <p>1.6 System Types 7</p> <p>1.7 Aims of Cellular Systems 12</p> <p>1.8 An Overview of Wireless Technologies 13</p> <p>1.9 Multiple Access Schemes and Duplexing 32</p> <p>1.10 The Mobile Broadband Revolution 35</p> <p>1.11 Structure of This Book 37</p> <p>1.12 Conclusion 38</p> <p><b>2 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 41</b></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 41</p> <p>2.2 Maxwell's Equations 41</p> <p>2.3 Summary of Maxwell's Equations 44</p> <p>2.4 The Wave Equation 44</p> <p>2.5 Plane Wave Properties 45</p> <p>2.6 Polarisation 50</p> <p>2.7 Conclusion 52</p> <p><b>3 Propagation Mechanisms 55</b></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 55</p> <p>3.2 Reflection, Refraction and Transmission 55</p> <p>3.3 Rough Surface Scattering 63</p> <p>3.4 Geometrical Optics 66</p> <p>3.5 Diffraction 68</p> <p>3.6 Conclusion 76</p> <p><b>4 Antenna Fundamentals 79</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 79</p> <p>4.2 Principles 79</p> <p>4.3 Antenna Parameters 83</p> <p>4.4 Practical Dipoles 91</p> <p>4.5 Antenna Arrays 95</p> <p>4.6 Horn Antennas 99</p> <p>4.7 Loop Antennas 100</p> <p>4.8 Helical Antennas 101</p> <p>4.9 Patch Antennas 101</p> <p>4.10 Lens Antennas 102</p> <p>4.11 Conclusion 104</p> <p><b>5 Basic Propagation Models 109</b></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 109</p> <p>5.2 Definition of Path Loss 109</p> <p>5.3 A Brief Note on Decibels 112</p> <p>5.4 Noise Modelling 112</p> <p>5.5 Free Space Loss 116</p> <p>5.6 Plane Earth Loss 118</p> <p>5.7 Link Budgets 120</p> <p>5.8 Conclusion 122</p> <p><b>6 Terrestrial Fixed Links 125</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 125</p> <p>6.2 Path Profiles 125</p> <p>6.3 Tropospheric Refraction 128</p> <p>6.4 Obstruction Loss 133</p> <p>6.5 Approximate Multiple Knife-Edge Diffraction 135</p> <p>6.6 The Multiple-Edge Diffraction Integral 140</p> <p>6.7 Diffraction Over Objects of Finite Size 147</p> <p>6.8 Other Methods for Predicting Terrain Diffraction 148</p> <p>6.9 Propagation in Vegetation 153</p> <p>6.10 Propagation in Tropical Environments 159</p> <p>6.11 Antennas for Fixed Terrestrial Links 164</p> <p>6.12 Conclusion 165</p> <p><b>7 Satellite Fixed Links and High Altitude Platforms 171</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 171</p> <p>7.2 Tropospheric Effects 172</p> <p>7.3 Ionospheric Effects 187</p> <p>7.4 Satellite Earth Stations 191</p> <p>7.5 High-altitude Platforms (HAPS) 195</p> <p>7.6 Conclusion 201</p> <p><b>8 Wide Area Coverage: Macrocells and Broadcasting 205</b></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 205</p> <p>8.2 Definition of Parameters 206</p> <p>8.3 Empirical Path Loss Models 206</p> <p>8.4 Physical Models 217</p> <p>8.5 ITU-R Models 226</p> <p>8.6 Hybrid Models -- Measurement-based Prediction (MbP) 228</p> <p>8.7 Comparison of Models 230</p> <p>8.8 Computerised Planning Tools 231</p> <p>8.9 Cellular Base Station Site Engineering 231</p> <p>8.10 Broadcasting Systems 242</p> <p>8.11 Conclusion 246</p> <p><b>9 Shadowing 251</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 251</p> <p>9.2 Statistical Characterisation 251</p> <p>9.3 Physical Basis for Shadowing 252</p> <p>9.4 Impact on Coverage 253</p> <p>9.5 Location Variability 258</p> <p>9.6 Correlated Shadowing 260</p> <p>9.7 Conclusion 268</p> <p><b>10 Narrowband Fast Fading 273</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 273</p> <p>10.2 Baseband Channel Representation 273</p> <p>10.3 The AWGN Channel 274</p> <p>10.4 The Narrowband Fading Channel 277</p> <p>10.5 When Does Fading Occur in Practice? 278</p> <p>10.6 The Rayleigh Distribution 279</p> <p>10.7 Distribution of the SNR for a Rayleigh Channel 282</p> <p>10.8 The Rice Distribution 285</p> <p>10.9 The Nakagami-m Distribution 289</p> <p>10.10 Other Fast-Fading Distributions 290</p> <p>10.11 Second-Order Fast-Fading Statistics 292</p> <p>10.12 Autocorrelation Function 299</p> <p>10.13 Narrowband Mobile Radio Channel Simulations 302</p> <p>10.14 Conclusion 302</p> <p><b>11 Wideband Fast Fading 305</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 305</p> <p>11.2 Effect of Wideband Fading 306</p> <p>11.3 Wideband Channel Model 309</p> <p>11.4 Wideband Channel Parameters 310</p> <p>11.5 Frequency Domain Effects 315</p> <p>11.6 The Bello Functions 316</p> <p>11.7 Wideband Fading in Fixed Links 317</p> <p>11.8 Overcoming Wideband Channel Impairments 318</p> <p>11.9 Conclusion 318</p> <p><b>12 Microcells 321</b></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 321</p> <p>12.2 Empirical Models 322</p> <p>12.3 Physical Models 332</p> <p>12.4 Line-of-Sight Models 333</p> <p>12.5 Non-Line-of-Sight Models 340</p> <p>12.6 Discussion 346</p> <p>12.7 Microcell Shadowing 346</p> <p>12.8 Narrowband Fading 348</p> <p>12.9 Wideband Effects 348</p> <p>12.10 Conclusion 349</p> <p><b>13 Picocells 353</b></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 353</p> <p>13.2 Empirical Models of Propagation Within Buildings 353</p> <p>13.3 Physical Models of Indoor Propagation Within Buildings 365</p> <p>13.4 Models of Propagation Into Buildings 372</p> <p>13.5 Indoor-to-Outdoor (I2O) Propagation (Leakage) Models 381</p> <p>13.6 Constitutive Parameters of Building Materials for Physical Models 383</p> <p>13.7 Shadowing 384</p> <p>13.8 Multipath Effects 384</p> <p>13.9 Ultra-Wideband Indoor Propagation 387</p> <p>13.10 Distribution Systems for Indoor and Enclosed Space Applications 388</p> <p>13.11 Indoor Link Budgets 400</p> <p>13.12 Conclusion 405</p> <p><b>14 Propagation for Short-Range and Enclosed Space Applications 411</b></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 411</p> <p>14.2 Propagation in Tunnels 411</p> <p>14.3 Wireless Communications for Trains 417</p> <p>14.4 Propagation in Underground Mines 426</p> <p>14.5 Propagation in Corridors 428</p> <p>14.6 Propagation Within Lift Shafts 431</p> <p>14.7 Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communications 433</p> <p>14.8 Conclusion 435</p> <p><b>15 Megacells -- Non-terrestrial Networks 439</b></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 439</p> <p>15.2 Non-Terrestrial Mobile Networks 441</p> <p>15.3 Shadowing and Fast Fading 443</p> <p>15.4 Empirical Narrowband Models 445</p> <p>15.5 Statistical Models 448</p> <p>15.6 Shadowing Statistics 455</p> <p>15.7 Physical-Statistical Models for Built-Up Areas 455</p> <p>15.8 Wideband Models 463</p> <p>15.9 Multi-Satellite Correlations 464</p> <p>15.10 Overall Mobile Satellite Channel Model 465</p> <p>15.11 Conclusion 466</p> <p><b>16 Antenna Applications 471</b></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 471</p> <p>16.2 Mobile Terminal Antennas 471</p> <p>16.3 Base Station Antennas 487</p> <p>16.4 Antennas for Other Wireless Systems 499</p> <p>16.5 Conclusion 507</p> <p><b>17 Channel Measurements for Mobile Systems 513</b></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 513</p> <p>17.2 Applications for Channel Measurements 513</p> <p>17.3 Impact of Measurement Inaccuracies 516</p> <p>17.4 Signal Sampling Issues 517</p> <p>17.5 Measurement Systems 523</p> <p>17.6 Equipment Calibration and Validation 525</p> <p>17.7 Outdoor Measurements 528</p> <p>17.8 Indoor Measurements 533</p> <p>17.9 Practical Experiment: Wi-Fi Measurements 538</p> <p>17.10 Conclusion 540</p> <p><b>18 Overcoming Narrowband Fading via Diversity 543</b></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 543</p> <p>18.2 Criteria for Useful Branches 545</p> <p>18.3 Space Diversity 545</p> <p>18.4 Polarisation Diversity 551</p> <p>18.5 Time Diversity 554</p> <p>18.6 Frequency Diversity 554</p> <p>18.7 Combining Methods 555</p> <p>18.8 Diversity for Microwave Links 562</p> <p>18.9 Macrodiversity 562</p> <p>18.10 Transmit Diversity 562</p> <p>18.11 Conclusion 563</p> <p><b>19 Overcoming Wideband Fading 565</b></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 565</p> <p>19.2 System Modelling 566</p> <p>19.3 Linear Equalisers 568</p> <p>19.4 Adaptive Equalisers 571</p> <p>19.5 Non-Linear Equalisers 574</p> <p>19.6 Rake Receivers 579</p> <p>19.7 OFDM Receivers 582</p> <p>19.8 Delay-Doppler Modulation: OTFS 586</p> <p>19.9 Conclusion 588</p> <p><b>20 Adaptive Antennas 591</b></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 591</p> <p>20.2 Basic Concepts 592</p> <p>20.3 Adaptive Antenna Applications 593</p> <p>20.4 Optimum Combining 598</p> <p>20.5 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems 605</p> <p>20.6 Massive MIMO 614</p> <p>20.7 MIMO Channel Modelling and Antennas 617</p> <p>20.8 Summary of Adaptive Antenna Techniques 626</p> <p>20.9 Conclusion 627</p> <p><b>21 5G Mobile Networks 631</b></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 631</p> <p>21.2 5G Drivers and Standards Development 632</p> <p>21.3 5G Frequency Bands 635</p> <p>21.4 5G Air Interface Overview 638</p> <p>21.5 MIMO in 5G 642</p> <p>21.6 5G Mobile Propagation 648</p> <p>21.7 5G Performance 657</p> <p>21.8 5G Cell Planning 659</p> <p>21.9 Conclusion 660</p> <p><b>22 Future Antennas and Propagation: 6G and Beyond 663</b></p> <p>22.1 Introduction 663</p> <p>22.2 Beyond Shannon? 663</p> <p>22.3 Expected Attributes and Candidate Technologies for 6G 664</p> <p>22.4 Sensing 666</p> <p>22.5 (Sub) Terahertz Mobile Propagation 667</p> <p>22.6 Cell-Free Networks and Distributed MIMO 671</p> <p>22.7 Full Duplex 672</p> <p>22.8 Metamaterials and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces 673</p> <p>22.9 Machine Learning (ML) in Mobile Networks 674</p> <p>22.10 Conclusion 680</p> <p>References 681</p> <p>Problems 682</p> <p><b>Appendix A Statistics, Probability and Stochastic Processes 683</b></p> <p>A.1 Introduction 683</p> <p>A.2 Single Random Variables 683</p> <p>A.3 Multiple Random Variables 684</p> <p>A.4 Gaussian Distribution and Central Limit Theorem 684</p> <p>A.5 Random Processes 685</p> <p><b>Appendix B Tables and Data 687</b></p> <p>B.1 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 687</p> <p>B.2 Error Function 687</p> <p>B.3 Fresnel Integrals 690</p> <p>B.4 Gamma Function 691</p> <p>B.5 Bessel Function 692</p> <p>Reference 693</p> <p>Abbreviations 695</p> <p>Index 701</p>

<p><b>Professor Simon R. Saunders</b> is an independent communication systems advisor with extensive background from industry (including Google, Motorola, Philips, Small Cell Forum), academia (University of Surrey, University of Bristol) and policy & regulation (Ofcom, UK Government). He has written over 150 articles, books and book chapters, invented over 15 patented wireless technologies and served on technical advisory boards of several companies and universities. <p><b>Dr. Alejandro Aragón-Zavala</b> is an Associate Research Professor (Tecnológico de Monterrey, Querétaro, Mexico), an Associate Consultant and Wireless Expert (Real Wireless UK, iBwave Canada). He is the author of over 60 research papers, three printed books, three e-books and several book chapters. His research areas include wireless communications, indoor radio propagation and high-altitude platforms.

<p><b>Comprehensive resource describing both fundamentals and practical industry applications of antennas and radio propagation employed in modern wireless communication systems</b> <p>The newly revised and thoroughly updated Third Edition of this classic and popular text, <i>Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems</i> addresses fundamentals and practical applications of antennas and radio propagation commonly used in modern wireless communication systems, from the basic electromagnetic principles to the characteristics of the technology employed in the most recent systems deployed, with an outlook of forthcoming developments in the field. <p>Core topics include fundamental electromagnetic principles underlying propagation and antennas, basic concepts of antennas and their application to specific wireless systems, propagation measurement, modelling, and prediction for fixed links, macrocells, microcells, femtocells, picocells, megacells, and narrowband and wideband channel modelling with the effect of the channel on communication system performance. <p>Worked examples and specific assignments for students are presented throughout the text (with a solutions manual available for course tutors), with a dedicated website containing online calculators and additional resources, plus details of simple measurements that students can perform with off-the-shelf equipment, such as their laptops and a Wi-Fi card. <p>This Third Edition of <i>Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems</i> has been thoroughly revised and updated, expanding on and adding brand new coverage of sample topics such as: <ul><li>Maxwell’s equations and EM theory, multiple reflections as propagation mechanisms, and waveguiding </li><li>HAPS (High Altitude Platforms) propagation, design and noise considerations of earth stations, macrocell models, and cellular base station site engineering</li><li>FSS (frequency selective surfaces), adaptive antenna theory developments (massive and distributed MIMO in particular), and how to process raw data related to channel measurements for mobile radio systems</li><li>The techniques used in mobile systems spanning the latest 4G, 5G and 6G technology generations </li><li>A wider range of frequencies, extending from HF, VHF and UHF up to the latest millimetre wave and sub terahertz bands</li></ul> <p>With comprehensive coverage of foundational subject matter as well as major recent advancements in the field, <i>Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems</i> is an essential resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, and industry engineers in related disciplines.

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