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Biodiesel Technology and Applications


Biodiesel Technology and Applications


1. Aufl.

von: Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Mashallah Rezakazemi

197,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 16.06.2021
ISBN/EAN: 9781119724933
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 512

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Beschreibungen

<b>BIODIESEL</b> <p><b>This outstanding new volume provides a comprehensive overview on biodiesel technologies, covering a broad range of topics and practical applications, edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team.</b> <p>Energy technologies have attracted great attention due to the fast development of sustainable energy. Biodiesel technologies have been identified as the sustainable route through which overdependence on fossil fuels can be reduced. Biodiesel has played a key role in handling the growing challenge of a global climate change policy. Biodiesel is defined as the monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is a cost-effective, renewable, and sustainable fuel that can be made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Compared to petroleum-based diesel, biodiesel would offer a non-toxicity, biodegradability, improved air quality and positive impact on the environment, energy security, safe-to-handle, store and transport and so on. Biodiesels have been used as a replacement of petroleum diesel in transport vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, locomotives, heat oils, hydrogen production, electricity generators, agriculture, mining, construction, and forestry equipment. <p>This book describes a comprehensive overview, covering a broad range of topics on biodiesel technologies and allied applications. Chapters cover history, properties, resources, fabrication methods, parameters, formulations, reactors, catalysis, transformations, analysis, in situ spectroscopies, key issues and applications of biodiesel technology. It also includes biodiesel methods, extraction strategies, biowaste utilization, oleochemical resources, non-edible feedstocks, heterogeneous catalysts, patents, and case-studies. Progress, challenges, future directions, and state-of-the-art biodiesel commercial technologies are discussed in detail. This book is an invaluable resource guide for professionals, faculty, students, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, and environmentalists in these research and development areas. <p>This outstanding new volume: <ul><li>Summarizes the recent developments in this rapidly-developing, multi-disciplinary field</li> <li>Provides the reader with a practical understanding of biodiesel technology toward the real-world applications</li> <li>Formulates concepts, case-studies, patents, and applications helpful in decision making and problem-solving, in a single resource</li> <li>Delivers state-of-the-art information on biodiesel technology</li></ul> <p><b>Audience:</b> Chemical and process engineers and other professionals, faculty, students, scientists, biotechnologists, and environmental engineers
<p>Preface xvii</p> <p><b>1 Biocatalytic Processes for Biodiesel Production 1<br /></b><i>Ubaid Mehmood, Faizan Muneer, Muhammad Riaz, Saba Sarfraz and Habibullah Nadeem</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction and Background 2</p> <p>1.2 Importance of Biodiesel Over Conventional Diesel Fuel 3</p> <p>1.3 Substrates for Biodiesel Production 4</p> <p>1.4 Methods in Biodiesel Production 6</p> <p>1.5 Types of Catalysts Involved in Biodiesel Production 7</p> <p>1.5.1 Chemical Homogenous Catalysts 7</p> <p>1.5.2 Solid Heterogeneous Catalysts 8</p> <p>1.5.3 Biocatalysts 8</p> <p>1.6 Factors Affecting Enzymatic Transesterification Reaction 8</p> <p>1.6.1 Effect of Water in Enzyme Catalyzed Transesterification 9</p> <p>1.6.2 Effect of Bioreactor 10</p> <p>1.6.3 Effect of Acyl Acceptor on Enzymatic Production of Biodiesel 10</p> <p>1.6.4 Effect of Temperature on Enzymatic Biodiesel Production 14</p> <p>1.6.5 Effect of Glycerol on Enzymatic Biodiesel Production 14</p> <p>1.6.6 Effect of Solvent on Biodiesel Production 16</p> <p>1.7 Lipases as Biocatalysts for Biodiesel Production 17</p> <p>1.7.1 Mechanisms of Lipase Action 19</p> <p>1.7.2 Efficient Lipase Sources for Biodiesel Producing Biocatalyst 19</p> <p>1.8 Comparative Analysis of Intracellular and Extracellular Lipases for Biodiesel Production 21</p> <p>1.9 Recombinant Lipases for Cost-Effective Biodiesel Production 26</p> <p>1.10 Immobilization of Lipases for Better Biodiesel Production 28</p> <p>1.11 Recent Strategies to Improve Biodiesel Production 31</p> <p>1.11.1 Combination of Lipases 31</p> <p>1.11.2 Microwave and Ultrasonic-Assisted Reaction 33</p> <p>1.12 Lipase Catalyzed Reaction Modeling and Statistical Approaches for Reaction Optimization 35</p> <p>1.13 Conclusion and Summary 38</p> <p>References 38</p> <p><b>2 Application of Low-Frequency Ultrasound for Intensified Biodiesel Production Process </b><b>59<br /></b><i>Mohd Razealy Anuar, Mohamed Hussein Abdurahman, Nor Irwin Basir and Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah</i></p> <p>2.1 Current Fossil Fuel Scenario 60</p> <p>2.2 Biodiesel 60</p> <p>2.3 Transesterification 61</p> <p>2.4 Challenges for Improved Biodiesel Production 62</p> <p>2.5 Homogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production 63</p> <p>2.6 Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production 64</p> <p>2.7 Immiscibility of the Reactants 65</p> <p>2.8 Ultrasound-Assisted Biodiesel Production Process 66</p> <p>2.8.1 Fundamental Aspects of the Process 66</p> <p>2.8.2 Homogeneously Catalyzed Ultrasound-Assisted System 69</p> <p>2.8.3 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Ultrasound-Assisted System 72</p> <p>2.8.3.1 Heterogeneously Acid Catalyzed System 72</p> <p>2.8.3.2 Heterogeneous Based Catalyzed Ultrasound-Assisted System 74</p> <p>2.8.3.3 Influence of Reaction Parameters 78</p> <p>2.9 Conclusions 79</p> <p>Acknowledgement 80</p> <p>References 80</p> <p><b>3 Application of Catalysts in Biodiesel Production 85<br /></b><i>Anilkumar R. Gupta and Virendra K. Rathod</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 85</p> <p>3.2 Homogeneous Catalysis for the Biodiesel Production 89</p> <p>3.2.1 Homogeneous Acid Catalyst 89</p> <p>3.2.2 Homogeneous-Base Catalyst 93</p> <p>3.3 Heterogeneous Catalyst 96</p> <p>3.3.1 Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst 97</p> <p>3.3.2 Heterogeneous-Base Catalyst 106</p> <p>3.4 Biocatalysts 115</p> <p>3.5 Conclusion 119</p> <p>References 124</p> <p><b>4 Hydrogenolysis as a Means of Valorization of Biodiesel-Derived Glycerol: A Review 137<br /></b><i>Manjoro T.T., Adeniyi A. and Mbaya R.K.K.</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 138</p> <p>4.2 Ways of Valorization of Biodiesel-Derived Glycerol 139</p> <p>4.2.1 Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol Into Value-Added Commodities 140</p> <p>4.2.1.1 Catalytic Oxidation of Glycerol 140</p> <p>4.2.1.2 Catalytic Dehydration of Glycerol 143</p> <p>4.2.1.3 Pyrolysis of Bioglycerol 144</p> <p>4.2.1.4 Glycerol Transesterification 145</p> <p>4.2.1.5 Glycerol Direct Carboxylation 146</p> <p>4.3 Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol 147</p> <p>4.3.1 Definition of Hydrogenolysis 147</p> <p>4.3.2 Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol 148</p> <p>4.3.3 Product Spectrum from Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol 148</p> <p>4.3.4 Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,2-PDO (Propylene Glycol): Reaction Systems Overview 149</p> <p>4.3.5 Catalyst Selection 151</p> <p>4.3.6 Reaction Conditions That Influence the Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,2-PDO 153</p> <p>4.3.6.1 Effect of Reaction Temperature 153</p> <p>4.3.6.2 Effect of H<sub>2</sub> Pressure 154</p> <p>4.3.6.3 Effect of Initial Water Concentration 155</p> <p>4.3.6.4 Effect of Reaction Time 156</p> <p>4.3.6.5 Effect of Catalyst Weight 156</p> <p>4.3.6.6 Proposed Reaction Mechanisms for Glycerol Hydrogenolysis to Produce 1,2-PDO 157</p> <p>4.4 Conclusion 159</p> <p>References 159</p> <p><b>5 Current Status, Synthesis, and Characterization of Biodiesel 167<br /></b><i>Akshay Garg, Gaurav Dwivedi, Prashant Baredar and Siddharth Jain</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 167</p> <p>5.2 Status of Biodiesel in India 169</p> <p>5.3 Biodiesel Production in India 169</p> <p>5.3.1 Feedstocks Popular in India 169</p> <p>5.3.1.1 Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) Oil 171</p> <p>5.3.1.2 Pongamia Oil 171</p> <p>5.3.1.3 Mahua Oil 171</p> <p>5.3.1.4 Neem Oil 171</p> <p>5.3.1.5 Linseed Oil 171</p> <p>5.3.1.6 Rubber Seed Oil 172</p> <p>5.3.1.7 Tobacco Oil 172</p> <p>5.3.1.8 Castor 172</p> <p>5.3.1.9 Waste Cooking Oil 172</p> <p>5.3.1.10 Algae Oil 172</p> <p>5.3.2 Advantages of Non-Edible Oils 173</p> <p>5.3.3 Modification Techniques 173</p> <p>5.3.3.1 Blending 173</p> <p>5.3.3.2 Micro-Emulsification 173</p> <p>5.3.3.3 Cracking 174</p> <p>5.3.3.4 Transesterification 174</p> <p>5.3.4 Biodiesel Production Methodology 174</p> <p>5.3.4.1 Catalytic Transesterification 174</p> <p>5.3.4.2 Non-Catalytic Transesterification 178</p> <p>5.3.5 Optimization Methodology for Biodiesel 179</p> <p>5.3.5.1 Central Composite Design Technique 179</p> <p>5.3.5.2 Box Behnken Technique 179</p> <p>5.4 Properties of Biodiesel 180</p> <p>5.5 Analytical Methods 181</p> <p>5.5.1 Titration 181</p> <p>5.5.2 Chromatic Methods 181</p> <p>5.5.2.1 Gas Chromatography 183</p> <p>5.5.2.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 184</p> <p>5.5.3 Spectroscopic Methods 184</p> <p>5.5.3.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 184</p> <p>5.5.3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 185</p> <p>5.5.4 Rancimat Method 185</p> <p>5.5.5 Viscometry 186</p> <p>5.6 Conclusion 186</p> <p>References 187</p> <p><b>6 Commercial Technologies for Biodiesel Production 195<br /></b><i>Chikati Roick, Leonard Okonye, Nkazi Diankanua and Gorimbo Joshua</i></p> <p>Abbreviation 196</p> <p>6.1 Introduction 196</p> <p>6.2 Biodiesel Production 197</p> <p>6.3 Technologies Used for Biodiesel Production 198</p> <p>6.3.1 Chemical Reaction (Transesterification) 199</p> <p>6.3.2 Thermochemical Conversion 199</p> <p>6.3.3 Biomechanical Conversion 201</p> <p>6.3.4 Direct Combustion 201</p> <p>6.4 Other Technologies in Use for Biodiesel Production 201</p> <p>6.5 Feedstock Requirement 203</p> <p>6.6 Some Problems Facing Commercialization of Biodiesel in Africa 203</p> <p>6.7 Case Studies/Current Status and Future Potential 204</p> <p>6.8 Conclusions 207</p> <p>Acknowledgments 208</p> <p>References 208</p> <p><b>7 A Global Scenario of Sustainable Technologies and Progress in a Biodiesel Production 215<br /></b><i>M. B. Kumbhar, P. E. Lokhande,, U. S. Chavan and V.G. Salunkhe</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 216</p> <p>7.2 Current Status of Feedstock for Biodiesel Production Technology 218</p> <p>7.3 Scenario of Biodiesel in Combustion Engine 222</p> <p>7.4 Biodiesel Production Technologies 223</p> <p>7.4.1 Direct Blending 223</p> <p>7.4.2 Pyrolysis 224</p> <p>7.4.3 Microemulsification 225</p> <p>7.4.4 Transesterification 226</p> <p>7.5 Microwave-Mediated Transesterification 227</p> <p>7.6 Ultrasound-Mediated Transesterification 229</p> <p>7.7 Catalysis in Biodiesel Production 230</p> <p>7.7.1 Homogeneous Catalysts 230</p> <p>7.7.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts 231</p> <p>7.7.3 Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts 232</p> <p>7.7.4 Supercritical Fluids 232</p> <p>7.7.5 Biocatalysts 232</p> <p>7.8 The Concept of Biorefinery 234</p> <p>7.9 Summary and Outlook 236</p> <p>7.10 Conclusion 237</p> <p>References 237</p> <p><b>8 Biodiesel Production Technologies 241<br /></b><i>Moina Athar and Sadaf Zaidi</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 242</p> <p>8.2 Biodiesel Feedstocks 242</p> <p>8.2.1 Selection of Feedstocks 243</p> <p>8.3 Biodiesel Production Technologies 248</p> <p>8.3.1 Pyrolysis 248</p> <p>8.3.2 Dilution 249</p> <p>8.3.3 Micro-Emulsion 249</p> <p>8.3.4 Transesterification 249</p> <p>8.3.4.1 Homogeneously Catalyzed Transesterification Processes 250</p> <p>8.3.4.2 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Transesterification Processes 252</p> <p>8.3.4.3 Enzymatic Catalyzed Transesterification Processes 252</p> <p>8.4 Intensification Techniques for Biodiesel Production 253</p> <p>8.4.1 Supercritical Alcohol Method 253</p> <p>8.4.2 Microwave Heating 253</p> <p>8.4.3 Ultrasonic Irradiation 255</p> <p>8.4.4 Co-Solvent Method 256</p> <p>8.5 Other Techniques of Biodiesel Production 256</p> <p>References 257</p> <p><b>9 Methods for Biodiesel Production 267<br /></b><i>M.Gul, M.A. Mujtaba, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam and N.W.M. Zulkifli</i></p> <p>9.1 Selection of Feedstock for Biodiesel 267</p> <p>9.1.1 First-Generation Feedstock 268</p> <p>9.1.2 Second-Generation Feedstock 268</p> <p>9.1.3 Third-Generation Feedstock 269</p> <p>9.2 Methods for Biodiesel Production 269</p> <p>9.2.1 Dilution With Hydrocarbons Blending 269</p> <p>9.2.2 Micro-Emulsion 269</p> <p>9.2.3 Pyrolysis (Thermal Cracking) 270</p> <p>9.2.4 Transesterification (Alcoholysis) 271</p> <p>9.2.4.1 <i>In Situ </i>Transesterification (Reactive Extraction) 271</p> <p>9.2.4.2 Conventional Transesterification 272</p> <p>9.2.4.3 Microwave/Ultrasound-Assisted Transesterification 278</p> <p>9.2.4.4 Variables Affecting Transesterification Reaction 278</p> <p>References 282</p> <p><b>10 Non-Edible Feedstock for Biodiesel Production 285<br /></b><i>Chikati Roick, Kabir Opeyemi Otun, Nkazi Diankanua and Gorimbo Joshua</i></p> <p>List of Abbreviations 286</p> <p>10.1 Introduction 286</p> <p>10.2 Reports Relevant to Global Warming and Renewable Energy 287</p> <p>10.3 Biofuels as an Alternative Energy Source 288</p> <p>10.3.1 First-Generation Biofuels 288</p> <p>10.3.2 Second-Generation Biofuels 289</p> <p>10.3.3 Third-Generation Biofuels 290</p> <p>10.4 Benefits of Using Biodiesel 290</p> <p>10.5 Technologies of Biodiesel Production From Non-Edible Feedstock 291</p> <p>10.6 Biodiesel Production by Transesterification 292</p> <p>10.7 Non-Edible Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 295</p> <p>10.7.1 Non-Edible Vegetable Oils 296</p> <p>10.7.2 Waste Cooking Oil 297</p> <p>10.7.3 Algal Oil 298</p> <p>10.7.4 Waste Animal Fat/Oil 299</p> <p>10.8 Fuel Properties of Biodiesel Obtained From Non-Edible Feedstock 299</p> <p>10.9 Advantages of Non-Edible Feedstocks 302</p> <p>10.10 Economic Importance of Biodiesel Production 302</p> <p>10.11 Conclusions 303</p> <p>Acknowledgments 303</p> <p>References 304</p> <p><b>11 Oleochemical Resources for Biodiesel Production 311<br /></b><i>Gayathri R., Ranjitha J. and Vijayalakshmi Shankar</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 311</p> <p>11.2 Definition of Oleochemicals 312</p> <p>11.3 Oleochemical Types 313</p> <p>11.4 Production of Biodiesel 315</p> <p>11.5 Types of Feedstocks 317</p> <p>11.5.1 Non-Edible Feedstocks 317</p> <p>11.5.2 Non-Edible Vegetable Oil 317</p> <p>11.5.3 Tall Oil 318</p> <p>11.5.4 Waste Cooking Oils 318</p> <p>11.5.5 Animal Fats 318</p> <p>11.5.6 Chicken Fat 319</p> <p>11.5.7 Lard 319</p> <p>11.5.8 Tallow 320</p> <p>11.5.9 Leather Industry Solid Waste Fat 321</p> <p>11.5.10 Fish Oil 322</p> <p>11.6 Uses of Oleochemicals 322</p> <p>11.6.1 Polymer Applications 322</p> <p>11.6.2 Application of Plant Oil as a Substitute for Petro-Diesel 323</p> <p>11.6.3 Used as Surfactants 323</p> <p>11.6.4 Oleochemicals Used in Pesticide 324</p> <p>11.6.5 Oleochemicals Used in Spray Adjuvants and Solvents 324</p> <p>11.7 Methyl Ester or Biodiesel Production 324</p> <p>11.7.1 Palm Oil 326</p> <p>11.7.2 Sunflower Oil 326</p> <p>11.7.3 ME From AFW 327</p> <p>11.8 Parameters Affecting the Yield of Biodiesel 327</p> <p>11.8.1 Reaction Conditions 327</p> <p>11.8.2 Catalyst 327</p> <p>11.8.2.1 Alkali Catalyst 327</p> <p>11.8.2.2 Acid Catalyst 329</p> <p>11.8.2.3 Biocatalyst 329</p> <p>11.8.2.4 Heterogeneous Catalyst 329</p> <p>11.8.2.5 ME Conversion by Supercritical Method 329</p> <p>11.8.3 Properties of Feedstock 330</p> <p>11.8.3.1 Composition of FA 330</p> <p>11.8.3.2 FFA 330</p> <p>11.8.3.3 Heat 330</p> <p>11.8.3.4 Presence of Unwanted Materials 330</p> <p>11.8.3.5 Titer 332</p> <p>11.8.4 Characteristic of Feedstock 332</p> <p>11.9 Optimization of Reactions Conditions for High Yield and Quality of Biodiesel 332</p> <p>11.9.1 Pre-Treatment of Feedstock 332</p> <p>11.9.1.1 Elimination of Water 332</p> <p>11.9.1.2 Elimination of Insoluble Impurities 332</p> <p>11.9.1.3 Elimination of Unsaponifiables 333</p> <p>11.9.2 Characterization and Selection of Feedstocks 333</p> <p>11.9.3 Selection of Reaction Conditions 333</p> <p>11.10 Oil Recovery 333</p> <p>11.10.1 Alkaline Flooding Method 333</p> <p>11.10.2 Additives 334</p> <p>11.11 Quality Improvement of Biodiesel 334</p> <p>11.11.1 Additives for Improving Combustion Ability 334</p> <p>11.11.2 Additives for Enhancing the Octane Number 334</p> <p>11.11.3 Additives for Improving the Stability 334</p> <p>11.11.4 Additives to Enhance Cold Flow Property 334</p> <p>11.11.5 Additives to Enhance Lubricity 335</p> <p>11.11.6 Additives to Enhance Cetane Number 335</p> <p>11.12 Conclusion 335</p> <p>Abbreviations 335</p> <p>References 336</p> <p><b>12 Overview on Different Reactors for Biodiesel Production 341<br /></b><i>V. C. Akubude, K.F. Jaiyeoba, T.F Oyewusi, E.C. Abbah, J.A. Oyedokun and V.C. Okafor</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 341</p> <p>12.2 Biodiesel Production Reactors 342</p> <p>12.2.1 Batch Reactor 343</p> <p>12.2.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor 344</p> <p>12.2.3 Fixed Bed Reactor 346</p> <p>12.2.4 Bubble Column Reactor 347</p> <p>12.2.5 Reactive Distillation Column 349</p> <p>12.2.6 Hybrid Catalytic Plasma Reactor 350</p> <p>12.2.7 Microreactors Technology 350</p> <p>12.2.8 Oscillatory Flow Reactors 353</p> <p>12.2.9 Other Novel Reactors 353</p> <p>12.3 Future Prospects 354</p> <p>12.4 Conclusion 354</p> <p>References 354</p> <p><b>13 Patents on Biodiesel 361<br /></b><i>Azira Abdul Razak, Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed and Darfizzi Derawi</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 361</p> <p>13.2 Generation of Biodiesel 362</p> <p>13.3 Development of Catalyst 363</p> <p>13.3.1 Homogeneous Catalyst 364</p> <p>13.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalyst 364</p> <p>13.4 Method Producing Biodiesel 365</p> <p>13.4.1 Pre-Treatment Process 365</p> <p>13.4.2 Direct Use and Blending of Oils 366</p> <p>13.4.3 Esterification of FFA 366</p> <p>13.4.4 Transesterification of TAG 367</p> <p>13.4.5 Pyrolysis 368</p> <p>13.5 Reactor’s Technology for Biodiesel Production 369</p> <p>13.5.1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor 370</p> <p>13.5.2 Fixed Bed Reactor 370</p> <p>13.5.3 Micro-Mixer Reactor 371</p> <p>13.6 Conclusion 372</p> <p>References 372</p> <p><b>14 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids With an Alcohol Over Acid Materials 377<br /></b><i>J.E. Castanheiro</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 377</p> <p>14.2 Zeolites 378</p> <p>14.3 SO3H as Catalyst 379</p> <p>14.4 Metal Oxides 380</p> <p>14.5 Heteropolyacids 382</p> <p>14.6 Other Materials 384</p> <p>14.7 Conclusions 384</p> <p>References 385</p> <p><b>15 Biodiesel Production From Non-Edible and Waste Lipid Sources 389<br /></b><i>Opeoluwa O. Fasanya, Aishat A. Osigbesan and Onoriode P. Avbenake</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 390</p> <p>15.2 Non-Edible Plant-Based Oils 394</p> <p>15.2.1 <i>Jatropha curcas </i>394</p> <p>15.2.2 <i>Calophyllum inophyllum </i>397</p> <p>15.2.3 <i>Mesua ferrea </i>397</p> <p>15.2.4 Jojoba Oil 398</p> <p>15.2.5 <i>Azadirachta indica </i>398</p> <p>15.2.6 Rubber Seed Oil 399</p> <p>15.2.7 <i>Ricinus communis </i>as Feedstock (Castor Oil) 402</p> <p>15.2.8 Other Non-Edible Oils 403</p> <p>15.3 Waste Animal Fats 404</p> <p>15.4 Expired and Waste Cooking Oils 405</p> <p>15.5 Algae/Microalgae 406</p> <p>15.6 Insects as Biodiesel Feedstock 411</p> <p>15.7 Deacidification 414</p> <p>15.8 Other Technologies 414</p> <p>15.9 Conclusion 415</p> <p>References 415</p> <p><b>16 Microalgae for Biodiesel Production 429<br /></b><i>Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Victoria Olaide Adenigba, Devarajan Thangadura and Mohd Imran Ahamed</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 430</p> <p>16.2 Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel From Microalgae 431</p> <p>16.3 Genetic Engineering/Techniques Enhancing Biodiesel Production 432</p> <p>16.4 Nanotechnology in Microalgae Biodiesel Production 434</p> <p>16.5 Specific Examples of Biodiesel Production From Microalgae 434</p> <p>16.6 Methodology Involved in the Extraction of Algae 438</p> <p>16.6.1 Chemical Solvents Extraction 439</p> <p>16.6.2 Extraction by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 439</p> <p>16.6.3 Extraction Using Biochemical Techniques 439</p> <p>16.6.4 Extraction Involving Direct Transesterification 440</p> <p>16.6.5 Extraction Using Transesterification Techniques 440</p> <p>16.7 Conclusion and Future Recommendation to Knowledge 440</p> <p>References 441</p> <p><b>17 Biodiesel Production Methods and Feedstocks 447<br /></b><i>Setareh Heidari and David A. Wood</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 448</p> <p>17.2 Biofuel Classification in Terms of Origin and Technological Conversion of Raw Materials 449</p> <p>17.3 Techniques Capable of Producing Biodiesel on Commercial Scales 451</p> <p>17.3.1 Direct and Blending Methods With the Aim of Biodiesel Generation 452</p> <p>17.3.2 Microemulsion Methods 452</p> <p>17.3.3 Pyrolysis Methods 453</p> <p>17.3.4 Transesterification Methods 453</p> <p>17.4 Influential Parameters on Biodiesel Production 454</p> <p>17.4.1 The Choice of Transesterification Catalysts 454</p> <p>17.4.2 Effects of Catalyst Characteristics on Biodiesel Production Efficiency 454</p> <p>17.5 Biodiesel Markets and Economic Considerations 455</p> <p>17.6 Challenges Confronting Biodiesel Uptake 456</p> <p>17.7 Corrosion and Quality Monitoring Issues for Biodiesel 457</p> <p>17.8 Conclusions 457</p> <p>References 458</p> <p><b>18 Application of Nanoparticles for the Enhanced Production of Biodiesel 465<br /></b><i>Muhammad Hilman Mustapha, Akhsan Kamil Azizi, Wan Nur Aini Wan Mokhtar and Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 465</p> <p>18.2 Solid Nanoparticles 466</p> <p>18.3 Nanobioparticles/Nanobiocatalyst 471</p> <p>18.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles 473</p> <p>18.5 How Nanoparticles Enhanced Biodiesel Production? 475</p> <p>18.6 Conclusion 477</p> <p>References 477</p> <p>Index 481</p>
<p><b> Inamuddin, PhD,</b> is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award and the Young Researcher of the Year Award for 2020, from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published almost 200 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 120 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. </p> <p><b> Mohd Imran Ahamed, PhD,</b> is a research associate in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in various international scientific journals and has co-edited multiple books. His research work includes ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment, and analysis, bending actuator and electrospinning. <p><b> Rajender Boddula, PhD,</b> is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He is also serving as an editorial board member and a referee for several reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with numerous publishers and has authored over twenty book chapters. <p><b>Mashallah Rezakazemi, PhD,</b> received his doctorate from the University of Tehran (UT) in 2015. In his first appointment, he served as associate professor in the Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering at Shahrood University of Technology. He has co-authored in more than 140 highly cited journal publications, conference articles and book chapters. He has received numerous major awards and grants from various funding agencies in recognition of his research. Notable among these are Khwarizmi Youth Award from the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), and the Outstanding Young Researcher Award in Chemical Engineering from the Academy of Sciences of Iran. He was named a top 1% most Highly Cited Researcher by Web of Science (ESI).
<p><b>This outstanding new volume provides a comprehensive overview on biodiesel technologies, covering a broad range of topics and practical applications, edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team.</b></p> <p>Energy technologies have attracted great attention due to the fast development of sustainable energy. Biodiesel technologies have been identified as the sustainable route through which overdependence on fossil fuels can be reduced. Biodiesel has played a key role in handling the growing challenge of a global climate change policy. Biodiesel is defined as the monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is a cost-effective, renewable, and sustainable fuel that can be made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Compared to petroleum-based diesel, biodiesel would offer a non-toxicity, biodegradability, improved air quality and positive impact on the environment, energy security, safe-to-handle, store and transport and so on. Biodiesels have been used as a replacement of petroleum diesel in transport vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, locomotives, heat oils, hydrogen production, electricity generators, agriculture, mining, construction, and forestry equipment. <p>This book describes a comprehensive overview, covering a broad range of topics on biodiesel technologies and allied applications. Chapters cover history, properties, resources, fabrication methods, parameters, formulations, reactors, catalysis, transformations, analysis, in situ spectroscopies, key issues and applications of biodiesel technology. It also includes biodiesel methods, extraction strategies, biowaste utilization, oleochemical resources, non-edible feedstocks, heterogeneous catalysts, patents, and case-studies. Progress, challenges, future directions, and state-of-the-art biodiesel commercial technologies are discussed in detail. This book is an invaluable resource guide for professionals, faculty, students, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, and environmentalists in these research and development areas. <p>This outstanding new volume: <ul><li>Summarizes the recent developments in this rapidly-developing, multi-disciplinary field</li> <li>Provides the reader with a practical understanding of biodiesel technology toward the real-world applications</li> <li>Formulates concepts, case-studies, patents, and applications helpful in decision making and problem-solving, in a single resource</li> <li>Delivers state-of-the-art information on biodiesel technology</li></ul> <p><b>Audience:</b> Chemical and process engineers and other professionals, faculty, students, scientists, biotechnologists, and environmental engineers

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