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Geochronology and Thermochronology


Geochronology and Thermochronology


Wiley Works 1. Aufl.

von: Peter W. Reiners, Richard W. Carlson, Paul R. Renne, Kari M. Cooper, Darryl E. Granger, Noah M. McLean, Blair Schoene

79,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 22.11.2017
ISBN/EAN: 9781118455890
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 480

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Beschreibungen

<p>This book is a welcome introduction and reference for users and innovators in geochronology. It provides modern perspectives on the current state-of-the art in most of the principal areas of geochronology and thermochronology, while recognizing that they are changing at a fast pace. It emphasizes fundamentals and systematics, historical perspective, analytical methods, data interpretation, and some applications chosen from the literature. This book complements existing coverage by expanding on those parts of isotope geochemistry that are concerned with dates and rates and insights into Earth and planetary science that come from temporal perspectives. </p> <p><i>Geochronology and Thermochronology</i> offers chapters covering: Foundations of Radioisotopic Dating; Analytical Methods; Interpretational Approaches: Making Sense of Data; Diffusion and Thermochronologic Interpretations; Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf; Re-Os and Pt-Os; U-Th-Pb Geochronology and Thermochronology; The K-Ar and <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar Systems; Radiation-damage Methods of Geo- and Thermochronology; The (U-Th)/He System; Uranium-series Geochronology; Cosmogenic Nuclides; and Extinct Radionuclide Chronology. </p> <ul> <li>Offers a foundation for understanding each of the methods and for illuminating directions that will be important in the near future</li> <li>Presents the fundamentals, perspectives, and opportunities in modern geochronology in a way that inspires further innovation, creative technique development, and applications</li> <li>Provides references to rapidly evolving topics that will enable readers to pursue future developments</li> </ul> <p><i>Geochronology and Thermochronology</i> is designed for graduate and upper-level undergraduate students with a solid background in mathematics, geochemistry, and geology.<br /><br /><i>"Geochronology and Thermochronology</i> is an excellent textbook that delivers on the difficult balance between having an appropriate level of detail to be useful for an upper undergraduate to graduate-level class or research reference text without being too esoteric for a more general audience, with content and descriptions that are understandable and enlightening to the non-specialist. I would recommend this textbook for anyone interested in the history, principles, and mechanics of geochronology and thermochronology." --American Mineralogist, 2021<br /><br />Read an interview with the editors to find out more:<br /><a href="https://eos.org/editors-vox/the-science-of-dates-and-rates">https://eos.org/editors-vox/the-science-of-dates-and-rates<br /><br /><br /></a></p>
<p>Preface ix</p> <p><b>1 </b><b>Introduction 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Geo and chronologies 1</p> <p>1.2 The ages of the age of the earth 2</p> <p>1.3 Radioactivity 7</p> <p>1.4 The objectives and significance of geochronology 13</p> <p>1.5 References 15</p> <p><b>2 </b><b>Foundations of radioisotopic dating 17</b></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 17</p> <p>2.2 The delineation of nuclear structure 17</p> <p>2.3 Nuclear stability 19</p> <p>2.3.1 Nuclear binding energy and the mass defect 19</p> <p>2.3.2 The liquid drop model for the nucleus 20</p> <p>2.3.3 The nuclear shell model 22</p> <p>2.3.4 Chart of the nuclides 23</p> <p>2.4 Radioactive decay 23</p> <p>2.4.1 Fission 23</p> <p>2.4.2 Alpha-decay 24</p> <p>2.4.3 Beta-decay 25</p> <p>2.4.4 Electron capture 25</p> <p>2.4.5 Branching decay 25</p> <p>2.4.6 The energy of decay 25</p> <p>2.4.7 The equations of radioactive decay 27</p> <p>2.5 Nucleosynthesis and element abundances in the solar system 30</p> <p>2.5.1 Stellar nucleosynthesis 30</p> <p>2.5.2 Making elements heavier than iron: <i>s- r-, p-</i>process nucleosynthesis 31</p> <p>2.5.3 Element abundances in the solar system 32</p> <p>2.6 Origin of radioactive isotopes 33</p> <p>2.6.1 Stellar contributions of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes 33</p> <p>2.6.2 Decay chains 33</p> <p>2.6.3 Cosmogenic nuclides 33</p> <p>2.6.4 Nucleogenic isotopes 35</p> <p>2.6.5 Man-made radioactive isotopes 36</p> <p>2.7 Conclusions 36</p> <p>2.8 References 36</p> <p><b>3 </b><b>Analytical methods 39</b></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 39</p> <p>3.2 Sample preparation 39</p> <p>3.3 Extraction of the element to be analyzed 40</p> <p>3.4 Isotope dilution elemental quantification 42</p> <p>3.5 Ion exchange chromatography 43</p> <p>3.6 Mass spectrometry 44</p> <p>3.6.1 Ionization 46</p> <p>3.6.2 Extraction and focusing of ions 49</p> <p>3.6.3 Mass fractionation 50</p> <p>3.6.4 Mass analyzer 52</p> <p>3.6.5 Detectors 57</p> <p>3.6.6 Vacuum systems 60</p> <p>3.7 Conclusions 62</p> <p>3.8 References 63</p> <p><b>4 </b><b>Interpretational approaches: making sense of data 65</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 65</p> <p>4.2 Terminology and basics 65</p> <p>4.2.1 Accuracy, precision, and trueness 65</p> <p>4.2.2 Random versus systematic, uncertainties versus errors 66</p> <p>4.2.3 Probability density functions 67</p> <p>4.2.4 Univariate (one-variable) distributions 68</p> <p>4.2.5 Multivariate normal distributions 68</p> <p>4.3 Estimating a mean and its uncertainty 69</p> <p>4.3.1 Average values: the sample mean, sample variance, and sample standard deviation 70</p> <p>4.3.2 Average values: the standard error of the mean 70</p> <p>4.3.3 Application: accurate standard errors for mass spectrometry 71</p> <p>4.3.4 Correlation, covariance, and the covariance matrix 73</p> <p>4.3.5 Degrees of freedom, part 1: the variance 73</p> <p>4.3.6 Degrees of freedom, part 2: Student’s <i>t </i>distribution 73</p> <p>4.3.7 The weighted mean 75</p> <p>4.4 Regressing a line 76</p> <p>4.4.1 Ordinary least-squares linear regression 76</p> <p>4.4.2 Weighted least-squares regression 77</p> <p>4.4.3 Linear regression with uncertainties in two or more variables (York regression) 77</p> <p>4.5 Interpreting measured data using the mean square weighted deviation 79</p> <p>4.5.1 Testing a weighted mean’s assumptions using its MSWD 79</p> <p>4.5.2 Testing a linear regression’s assumptions using its MSWD 80</p> <p>4.5.3 My data set has a high MSWD—what now? 81</p> <p>4.5.4 My data set has a really low MSWD—what now? 81</p> <p>4.6 Conclusions 82</p> <p>4.7 Bibliography and suggested readings 82</p> <p><b>5 </b><b>Diffusion and thermochronologic interpretations 83</b></p> <p>5.1 Fundamentals of heat and chemical diffusion 83</p> <p>5.1.1 Thermochronologic context 83</p> <p>5.1.2 Heat and chemical diffusion equation 83</p> <p>5.1.3 Temperature dependence of diffusion 85</p> <p>5.1.4 Some analytical solutions 86</p> <p>5.1.5 Anisotropic diffusion 86</p> <p>5.1.6 Initial infinite concentration (spike) 86</p> <p>5.1.7 Characteristic length and time scales 86</p> <p>5.1.8 Semi-infinite media 87</p> <p>5.1.9 Plane sheet, cylinder, and sphere 88</p> <p>5.2 Fractional loss 88</p> <p>5.3 Analytical methods for measuring diffusion 89</p> <p>5.3.1 Step-heating fractional loss experiments 89</p> <p>5.3.2 Multidomain diffusion 92</p> <p>5.3.3 Profile characterization 93</p> <p>5.4 Interpreting thermal histories from thermochronologic data 94</p> <p>5.4.1 “End-members” of thermochronometric date interpretations 94</p> <p>5.4.2 Equilibrium dates 95</p> <p>5.4.3 Partial retention zone 95</p> <p>5.4.4 Resetting dates 96</p> <p>5.4.5 Closure 97</p> <p>5.5 From thermal to geologic histories in low-temperature thermochronology: diffusion and advection of heat in the earth’s crust 105</p> <p>5.5.1 Simple solutions for one- and two-dimensional crustal thermal fields 107</p> <p>5.5.2 Erosional exhumation 108</p> <p>5.5.3 Interpreting spatial patterns of erosion rates 109</p> <p>5.5.4 Interpreting temporal patterns of erosion rates 113</p> <p>5.5.5 Interpreting paleotopography 113</p> <p>5.6 Detrital thermochronology approaches for understanding landscape evolution and tectonics 116</p> <p>5.7 Conclusions 121</p> <p>5.8 References 123</p> <p><b>6 </b><b>Rb–Sr, Sm–Nd, and Lu–Hf 127</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 127</p> <p>6.2 History 127</p> <p>6.3 Theory, fundamentals, and systematics 128</p> <p>6.3.1 Decay modes and isotopic abundances 128</p> <p>6.3.2 Decay constants 128</p> <p>6.3.3 Data representation 129</p> <p>6.3.4 Geochemistry 131</p> <p>6.4 Isochron systematics 133</p> <p>6.4.1 Distinguishing mixing lines from isochrons 136</p> <p>6.5 Diverse chronological applications 137</p> <p>6.5.1 Dating diagenetic minerals in clay-rich sediments 137</p> <p>6.5.2 Direct dating of ore minerals 138</p> <p>6.5.3 Dating of mineral growth in magma chambers 140</p> <p>6.5.4 Garnet Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf dating 141</p> <p>6.6 Model ages 143</p> <p>6.6.1 Model ages for volatile depletion 144</p> <p>6.6.2 Model ages for multistage source evolution 146</p> <p>6.7 Conclusion and future directions 148</p> <p>6.8 References 148</p> <p><b>7 </b><b>Re–Os and Pt–Os 151</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 151</p> <p>7.2 Radioactive systematics and basic equations 151</p> <p>7.3 Geochemical properties and abundance in natural materials 154</p> <p>7.4 Analytical challenges 154</p> <p>7.5 Geochronologic applications 156</p> <p>7.5.1 Meteorites 156</p> <p>7.5.2 Molybdenite 158</p> <p>7.5.3 Other sulphides, ores, and diamonds 159</p> <p>7.5.4 Organic-rich sediments 161</p> <p>7.5.5 Komatiites 161</p> <p>7.5.6 Basalts 163</p> <p>7.5.7 Dating melt extraction from the mantle—Re–Os model ages 164</p> <p>7.6 Conclusions 167</p> <p>7.7 References 167</p> <p><b>8 </b><b>U–Th–Pb geochronology and thermochronology 171</b></p> <p>8.1 Introduction and background 171</p> <p>8.1.1 Decay of U and Th to Pb 171</p> <p>8.1.2 Dating equations 173</p> <p>8.1.3 Decay constants 173</p> <p>8.1.4 Isotopic composition of U 174</p> <p>8.2 Chemistry of U, Th, and Pb 176</p> <p>8.3 Data visualization, isochrones, and concordia plots 176</p> <p>8.3.1 Isochron diagrams 176</p> <p>8.3.2 Concordia diagrams 177</p> <p>8.4 Causes of discordance in the U–Th–Pb system 178</p> <p>8.4.1 Mixing of different age domains 180</p> <p>8.4.2 Pb loss 180</p> <p>8.4.3 Intermediate daughter product disequilibrium 182</p> <p>8.4.4 Correction for initial Pb 183</p> <p>8.5 Analytical approaches to U–Th–Pb geochronology 184</p> <p>8.5.1 Thermal ionization mass spectrometry 185</p> <p>8.5.2 Secondary ion mass spectrometry 187</p> <p>8.5.3 Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 188</p> <p>8.5.4 Elemental U–Th–Pb geochronology by EMP 188</p> <p>8.6 Applications and approaches 188</p> <p>8.6.1 The age of meteorites and of Earth 188</p> <p>8.6.2 The Hadean 192</p> <p>8.6.3 <i>P–T–t </i>paths of metamorphic belts 194</p> <p>8.6.4 Rates of crustal magmatism from U–Pb geochronology 197</p> <p>8.6.5 U–Pb geochronology and the stratigraphic record 200</p> <p>8.6.6 Detrital zircon geochronology 202</p> <p>8.6.7 U–Pb thermochronology 204</p> <p>8.6.8 Carbonate geochronology by the U–Pb method 209</p> <p>8.6.9 U–Pb geochronology of baddeleyite and paleogeographic reconstructions 211</p> <p>8.7 Concluding remarks 212</p> <p>8.8 References 212</p> <p><b>9 </b><b>The K–Ar and <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar systems 231</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction and fundamentals 231</p> <p>9.2 Historical perspective 232</p> <p>9.3 K–Ar dating 233</p> <p>9.3.1 Determining <sup>40</sup>Ar<sup>∗</sup> 233</p> <p>9.3.2 Determining 40K 234</p> <p>9.4 <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar dating 234</p> <p>9.4.1 Neutron activation 234</p> <p>9.4.2 Collateral effects of neutron irradiation 237</p> <p>9.4.3 Appropriate materials 240</p> <p>9.5 Experimental approaches and geochronologic applications 242</p> <p>9.5.1 Single crystal fusion 242</p> <p>9.5.2 Intragrain age gradients 243</p> <p>9.5.3 Incremental heating 243</p> <p>9.6 Calibration and accuracy 248</p> <p>9.6.1 <sup>40</sup>K decay constants 248</p> <p>9.6.2 Standards 249</p> <p>9.6.3 So which is the best calibration? 250</p> <p>9.6.4 Interlaboratory issues 252</p> <p>9.7 Concluding remarks 252</p> <p>9.7.1 Remaining challenges 252</p> <p>9.8 References 253</p> <p><b>10 </b><b>Radiation-damage methods of geochronology and thermochronology 259</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 259</p> <p>10.2 Thermal and optically stimulated luminescence 259</p> <p>10.2.1 Theory, fundamentals, and systematics 259</p> <p>10.2.2 Analysis 260</p> <p>10.2.3 Fundamental assumptions and considerations for interpretations 264</p> <p>10.2.4 Applications 265</p> <p>10.3 Electron spin resonance 266</p> <p>10.3.1 Theory, fundamentals, and systematics 266</p> <p>10.3.2 Analysis 267</p> <p>10.3.3 Fundamental assumptions and considerations for interpretations 268</p> <p>10.3.4 Applications 269</p> <p>10.4 Alpha decay, alpha-particle haloes, and alpha-recoil tracks 270</p> <p>10.4.1 Theory, fundamentals, and systematics 270</p> <p>10.5 Fission tracks 273</p> <p>10.5.1 History 273</p> <p>10.5.2 Theory, fundamentals, and systematics 273</p> <p>10.5.3 Analyses 274</p> <p>10.5.4 Fission-track age equations 276</p> <p>10.5.5 Fission-track annealing 278</p> <p>10.5.6 Track-length analysis 280</p> <p>10.5.7 Applications 281</p> <p>10.6 Conclusions 284</p> <p>10.7 References 285</p> <p><b>11 </b><b>The (U–Th)/He system 291</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 291</p> <p>11.2 History 291</p> <p>11.3 Theory, fundamentals, and systematics 292</p> <p>11.4 Analysis 294</p> <p>11.4.1 “Conventional” analyses 294</p> <p>11.4.2 Other analytical approaches 306</p> <p>11.4.3 Uncertainty and reproducibility in (U–Th)/He dating 307</p> <p>11.5 Helium diffusion 310</p> <p>11.5.1 Introduction 310</p> <p>11.5.2 Apatite 311</p> <p>11.5.3 Zircon 322</p> <p>11.5.4 Other minerals 332</p> <p>11.5.5 A compilation of He diffusion kinetics 334</p> <p>11.6 <sup>4</sup>He/<sup>3</sup>He thermochronometry 342</p> <p>11.6.1 Method requirements and assumptions 346</p> <p>11.7 Applications and case studies 348</p> <p>11.7.1 Tectonic exhumation of normal fault footwalls 348</p> <p>11.7.2 Paleotopography 349</p> <p>11.7.3 Orogen-scale trends in thermochronologic dates 350</p> <p>11.7.4 Detrital double-dating and sediment provenance 353</p> <p>11.7.5 Volcanic double-dating, precise eruption dates, and magmatic residence times 353</p> <p>11.7.6 Radiation-damage-and-annealing model applied to apatite 355</p> <p>11.8 Conclusions 355</p> <p>11.9 References 356</p> <p><b>12 </b><b>Uranium-series geochronology 365</b></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 365</p> <p>12.2 Theory and fundamentals 367</p> <p>12.2.1 The mathematics of decay chains 367</p> <p>12.2.2 Mechanisms of producing disequilibrium 369</p> <p>12.3 Methods and analytical techniques 369</p> <p>12.3.1 Analytical techniques 369</p> <p>12.4 Applications 372</p> <p>12.4.1 U-series dating of carbonates 372</p> <p>12.4.2 U-series dating in silicate rocks 378</p> <p>12.5 Summary 389</p> <p>12.6 References 390</p> <p><b>13 </b><b>Cosmogenic nuclides 395</b></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 395</p> <p>13.2 History 395</p> <p>13.3 Theory, fundamentals, and systematics 396</p> <p>13.3.1 Cosmic rays 396</p> <p>13.3.2 Distribution of cosmic rays on Earth 396</p> <p>13.3.3 What makes a cosmogenic nuclide detectable and useful? 397</p> <p>13.3.4 Types of cosmic-ray reactions 398</p> <p>13.3.5 Cosmic-ray attenuation 399</p> <p>13.3.6 Calibrating cosmogenic nuclide-production rates in rocks 400</p> <p>13.4 Applications 401</p> <p>13.4.1 Types of cosmogenic nuclide applications 401</p> <p>13.4.2 Extraterrestrial cosmogenic nuclides 401</p> <p>13.4.3 Meteoric cosmogenic nuclides 402</p> <p>13.5 Conclusion 415</p> <p>13.6 References 416</p> <p><b>14 </b><b>Extinct radionuclide chronology 421</b></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 421</p> <p>14.2 History 422</p> <p>14.3 Systematics and applications 423</p> <p>14.3.1 <sup>26</sup>Al–<sup>26</sup>Mg 423</p> <p>14.3.2 <sup>53</sup>Mn–<sup>53</sup>Cr chronometry 425</p> <p>14.3.3 <sup>107</sup>Pd–<sup>107</sup>Ag 428</p> <p>14.3.4 <sup>182</sup>Hf–<sup>182</sup>W 430</p> <p>14.3.5 I–Pu–Xe 433</p> <p>14.3.6 <sup>146</sup>Sm–<sup>142</sup>Nd 436</p> <p>14.4 Conclusions 441</p> <p>14.5 References 441</p> <p>Index 445</p>
<p> <strong>Peter W. Reiners,</strong> <em>University of Arizona, USA</em> <p> <strong>Richard W. Carlson,</strong> <em>Carnegie Institution for Science, USA</em> <p> <strong>Paul R. Renne,</strong> <em>Berkeley Geochronology Center and University of California, USA</em> <p> <strong>Kari M. Cooper,</strong> <em>University of California, USA</em> <p> <strong>Darryl E. Granger,</strong> <em>Purdue University, USA</em> <p> <strong>Noah M. McLean,</strong> <em>University of Kansas, USA</em> <p> <strong>Blair Schoene,</strong> <em>Princeton University, USA</em>
<p> This book is an introduction and reference for users and innovators in geochronology. It provides modern perspectives on the current state-of-the art in the principal areas of geochronology and thermochronology, while recognizing that they are changing at a fast pace. It emphasizes fundamentals and systematics, historical perspective, analytical methods, data interpretation, and some applications chosen from the literature. This book complements existing coverage by expanding on those parts of isotope geochemistry that are concerned with dates and rates and insights into Earth and planetary science that come from temporal perspectives. <ul> <li>Offers a foundation for understanding each of the methods and for illuminating directions that will be important in the near future</li> <li>Presents the fundamentals, perspectives, and opportunities in modern geochronology in a way that inspires further innovation, creative technique development, and applications</li> <li>Provides references to rapidly evolving topics that will enable readers to pursue future developments</li> </ul> <br> <p> <em>Geochronology and Thermochronology</em> tis designed for graduate and upper-level undergraduate students with a solid background in mathematics, geochemistry, and geology.

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