Details
Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections
ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Books 2. Aufl.
61,99 € |
|
Verlag: | Acsess |
Format: | |
Veröffentl.: | 25.05.2021 |
ISBN/EAN: | 9780891189930 |
Sprache: | englisch |
Anzahl Seiten: | 256 |
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Beschreibungen
<p><b>A revised guide to the study and of soil and regolith thin sections</b></p> <p>A specialized system of terms and concepts must be used to accurately and effectively distinguish and name the microscopic features of soils and regoliths. With a comprehensive, consistent terminology at their disposal, researchers may compare, store and discuss new data easily and with less risk of error. The second edition of <i>Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections</i> has been assembled to address this need, offering a practical system of analysis and description to those working with soil and regolith materials. </p> <p>This essential resource includes:</p> <ul> <li>An introduction to micromorphology and its practice</li> <li>Guidelines for the study of thin sections</li> <li>Sections covering the various microscopic features of soils and regoliths</li> <li>Illustrative graphics and colour micrographs</li> <li>Suggested description schemes and data presentation tips</li> </ul> <p>By providing an economical, navigable system for the study and documentation of soils and regoliths, <i>Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections</i>, second edition, offers invaluable guidance for soil scientists, geologists, ecologists, archaeologists and all those concerned with micromorphology.</p>
<p>About the Second Edition xi</p> <p>Acknowledgements to the First Edition xiii</p> <p>List of Abbreviations xv</p> <p><b>1. Introduction 1</b></p> <p><b>2. Definitions and Historical Review 5</b></p> <p>2.1. What is Soil Micromorphology? 5</p> <p>2.2. Brief Historical Review 6</p> <p>2.3. Steps of Micromorphological Analysis 9</p> <p>2.3.1. Sampling 9</p> <p>2.3.2. Preparation of Thin Sections 10</p> <p>2.3.3. Analysis and Description of Thin Sections 10</p> <p>2.3.4. Interpretation and Reporting 10</p> <p><b>3. Aspects and Techniques of Thin Section Studies 11</b></p> <p>3.1. From a Two-Dimensional Observation to a Three-Dimensional Reality 11</p> <p>3.1.1. Introduction 11</p> <p>3.1.2. Transition from Two to Three Dimensions 11</p> <p>3.1.3. Wedging Effects 17</p> <p>3.1.4. Minimal Visible Size and Magnification 17</p> <p>3.1.5. Holmes Effect 18</p> <p>3.1.6. Orientation 18</p> <p>3.1.7. Optical Illusion 18</p> <p>3.2. Microscopic Techniques for Thin Section Studies 19</p> <p>3.2.1. Introduction 19</p> <p>3.2.2. Optical Techniques 19</p> <p>3.2.2.1. Introduction 19</p> <p>3.2.2.2. Circular Polarized Light 21</p> <p>3.2.2.3. Dark-field Illumination 21</p> <p>3.2.2.4. Oblique Incident Light and Dark Ground Incident Light 23</p> <p>3.2.2.5. Fluorescence Microscopy 24</p> <p>3.2.2.5.1. Introduction 24</p> <p>3.2.2.5.2. Equipment 25</p> <p>3.2.2.5.3. Application 27</p> <p>3.2.2.6. Cathodoluminescence 29</p> <p>3.2.2.6.1. Introduction 29</p> <p>3.2.2.6.2. Equipment 29</p> <p>3.2.2.6.3. Sample Preparation 30</p> <p>3.2.2.6.4. Application 30</p> <p>3.2.3. Selective Extractions 30</p> <p>3.2.3.1. Introduction 30</p> <p>3.2.3.2. Extraction of Carbonates 32</p> <p>3.2.3.3. Extraction of Iron and Manganese Oxyhydrates 33</p> <p>3.2.3.4. Bleaching of Humic Substances 33</p> <p>3.2.4. Staining and Spot Tests 34</p> <p>3.2.4.1. Introduction 34</p> <p>3.2.4.2. Differential Staining of Anhydrous Alkali-Earth Carbonates 34</p> <p>3.2.4.2.1. Introduction 34</p> <p>3.2.4.2.2. Procedure 34</p> <p>3.2.4.2.3. Application 35</p> <p>3.2.4.3. Ferruginous Components 36</p> <p>3.2.4.4. Manganese Oxides and Hydroxides 36</p> <p>3.2.4.5. Clay Minerals 36</p> <p>4. Elements of Fabric 37</p> <p>4.1. Introduction 37</p> <p>4.2. Concepts of Fabric 38</p> <p>4.3. Elements of Fabric 41</p> <p>4.3.1. Introduction 41</p> <p>4.3.2. Patterns 42</p> <p>4.3.2.1. Introduction 42</p> <p>4.3.2.2. Basic Patterns 42</p> <p>4.3.2.2.1. Basic Distribution Patterns 43</p> <p>4.3.2.2.2. Basic Orientation Patterns 43</p> <p>4.3.2.2.3. Orientation Patterns of Clay Particles 45</p> <p>4.3.2.3. Referred Patterns 48</p> <p>4.3.2.3.1. Referred Distribution Pattern 48</p> <p>4.3.2.3.2. Referred Orientation Patterns 49</p> <p>4.3.2.4. Related Distribution Patterns 49</p> <p>4.3.2.4.1. General 49</p> <p>4.3.2.4.2. The c/f related distribution pattern 52</p> <p>4.3.3. Size 55</p> <p>4.3.4. Sorting 57</p> <p>4.3.5. Abundance 57</p> <p>4.3.6. Shape 59</p> <p>4.3.6.1. Introduction 59</p> <p>4.3.6.2. Equidimensionality 61</p> <p>4.3.6.3. Degree of Roundness and Sphericity 62</p> <p>4.3.6.4. Surface Roughness and Smoothness 62</p> <p>4.3.6.5. Boundary 63</p> <p>4.3.7. Color 64</p> <p>4.4. Variability within Partial Fabrics 65</p> <p>4.5. Concepts Used 65</p> <p><b>5. Voids, Aggregates and Microstructure 67</b></p> <p>5.1. Introduction 67</p> <p>5.2. Voids 68</p> <p>5.2.1. Introduction 68</p> <p>5.2.2. Types of Voids (Fig. 5.1) 69</p> <p>5.2.3. Size of Poroids 72</p> <p>5.2.4. Abundance of Voids 73</p> <p>5.2.5. Roughness and Smoothness of Void Walls 73</p> <p>5.2.6. Arrangement of Voids 73</p> <p>5.2.7. Accommodation of Voids 73</p> <p>5.2.8. Note 75</p> <p>5.3. Aggregation 77</p> <p>5.3.1. Introduction 77</p> <p>5.3.2. Peds 77</p> <p>5.3.3. Degree of Ped Separation and of Pedality 79</p> <p>5.3.4. Size of Peds 80</p> <p>5.3.5. Accommodation 82</p> <p>5.3.6. Surface Roughness 82</p> <p>5.3.7. Internal Fabric 82</p> <p>5.3.8. Ped Arrangement Patterns 82</p> <p>5.4. Types of Microstructures 83</p> <p>5.4.1. Introduction 83</p> <p>5.4.2. Main Types of Microstructure 83</p> <p><b>6. Mineral and Organic Constituents 87</b></p> <p>6.1. Introduction 87</p> <p>6.2. Coarse Mineral Components 87</p> <p>6.2.1. Introduction 87</p> <p>6.2.1.1. Importance of its Description 87</p> <p>6.2.1.2. Subdivision 88</p> <p>6.2.1.3. Important Properties 88</p> <p>6.2.1.3.1. Size 88</p> <p>6.2.1.3.2. Shape 88</p> <p>6.2.1.3.3. Abundance and Frequency 90</p> <p>6.2.1.3.4. Alteration 90</p> <p>6.2.2. Single Mineral Grains 90</p> <p>6.2.3. Compound Mineral Grains and Rock Fragments 100</p> <p>6.2.4. Inorganic Residues of Biological Origin 103</p> <p>6.2.4.1. Introduction 103</p> <p>6.2.4.2. Opaline Components 103</p> <p>6.2.4.3. Calcium Oxalate Crystals 105</p> <p>6.2.4.4. Calcium carbonate constituents of biological origin 105</p> <p>6.2.4.5. Bones and Other Skeletal Tissues 111</p> <p>6.2.5. Anthropogenic Elements 113</p> <p>6.3. Description of Fine Mineral Components 115</p> <p>6.3.1. Importance of its Description 115</p> <p>6.3.2. Nature 115</p> <p>6.3.2.1. Color 116</p> <p>6.3.2.2. Limpidity 117</p> <p>6.3.2.3. Interference Colors 117</p> <p>6.3.2.4. Other Characteristics 117</p> <p>6.3.3. Size 119</p> <p>6.3.4. Shape 119</p> <p>6.4. Description of Organic Components 119</p> <p>6.4.1. Introduction 119</p> <p>6.4.2. Animal Residues 120</p> <p>6.4.3. Plant Residues 121</p> <p>6.4.4. Alteration 125</p> <p>6.4.4.1. Introduction 125</p> <p>6.4.4.2. Alteration of Plant Tissues 126</p> <p><b>7. Groundmass 127</b></p> <p>7.1. Introduction and Definition 127</p> <p>7.2. Description 128</p> <p>7.2.1. The Limit Between Coarse and Fine 129</p> <p>7.2.2. The c/f related Distribution Pattern 130</p> <p>7.2.3. Coarse Material, Composition and Fabric 130</p> <p>7.2.4. The Fine Material (Micromass) and Its Fabric 131</p> <p>7.2.4.1. Introduction and Definition 131</p> <p>7.2.4.2. Types of <i>b</i>-fabric 133</p> <p>7.2.4.3. Factors Influencing the Expression of <i>b</i>-Fabrics 138</p> <p><b>8. Pedofeatures 143</b></p> <p>8.1. Introduction and Definitions 143</p> <p>8.2. Subdivision of Pedofeatures 144</p> <p>8.2.1. Introduction 144</p> <p>8.2.2. Matrix and Intrusive Pedofeatures 144</p> <p>8.2.3. Morphological Classification of Pedofeatures as Related to their Fabric 148</p> <p>8.3. Coatings, Hypocoatings and Quasicoatings 149</p> <p>8.3.1. Introduction 149</p> <p>8.3.2. Definitions 149</p> <p>8.3.3. Classification 151</p> <p>8.3.4. Descriptive Criteria 153</p> <p>8.4. Infillings 162</p> <p>8.4.1. Definition 162</p> <p>8.4.2. Classification 163</p> <p>8.4.3. Descriptive Criteria 164</p> <p>8.5. Crystals and Crystal Intergrowths 165</p> <p>8.5.1. Introduction 165</p> <p>8.5.2. Definition 167</p> <p>8.5.3. Classification 167</p> <p>8.5.4. Descriptive Criteria 167</p> <p>8.6. Nodules 168</p> <p>8.6.1. Introduction 168</p> <p>8.6.2. Definition 169</p> <p>8.6.3. Classification 169</p> <p>8.6.3.1. Internal Fabric 169</p> <p>8.6.3.2. External Morphology 172</p> <p>8.6.4. Descriptive Criteria 174</p> <p>8.7. Intercalations 174</p> <p>8.7.1. Introduction 174</p> <p>8.7.2. Definition 174</p> <p>8.7.3. Classification 176</p> <p>8.7.4. Descriptive Criteria 176</p> <p>8.8. Excrements 176</p> <p>8.8.1. Introduction 176</p> <p>8.8.2. Descriptive Criteria for Excrements of the Mesofauna 177</p> <p>8.8.2.1. Shape 177</p> <p>8.8.2.2. Aging 178</p> <p>8.8.2.3. Other Criteria 179</p> <p>8.8.3. Descriptive Criteria for Excrements of Larger Animals 182</p> <p>8.9. Compound Pedofeatures 182</p> <p>8.10. Complex Pedofeatures 183</p> <p>8.11. Fragmented, Dissolved and Deformed Pedofeatures 185</p> <p><b>9. Making and Presenting Thin Section Description 189</b></p> <p>9.1. Introduction 189</p> <p>9.2. Observation 190</p> <p>9.3. Artifacts 191</p> <p>9.4. Description 191</p> <p>9.4.1. How to Start? 191</p> <p>9.4.2. Possible Description Schemes 195</p> <p>9.4.3. Examples 196</p> <p>9.5. Presentation of Data 197</p> <p><b>10. References 201</b></p> <p>Appendix: Materials, Light, and the Petrographic Microscope 225</p> <p>Subject Index 233</p>
<p><b>Georges Stoops,</b> PhD, Emeritus Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
<p><b>A revised guide to the study and of soil and regolith thin sections</b> <p>A specialized system of terms and concepts must be used to accurately and effectively distinguish and name the microscopic features of soils and regoliths. With a comprehensive, consistent terminology at their disposal, researchers may compare, store and discuss new data easily and with less risk of error. The second edition of <i>Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections</i> has been assembled to address this need, offering a practical system of analysis and description to those working with soil and regolith materials. <p>This essential resource includes: <ul> <li>An introduction to micromorphology and its practice</li> <li>Guidelines for the study of thin sections</li> <li>Sections covering the various microscopic features of soils and regoliths</li> <li>Illustrative graphics and color micrographs</li> <li>Suggested description schemes and data presentation tips</li> </ul> <p>By providing an economical, navigable system for the study and documentation of soils and regoliths, <i>Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections,</i> second edition, offers invaluable guidance for soil scientists, geologists, ecologists, archaeologists and all those concerned with micromorphology.
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