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Preface xvii <p>List of Contributors xix</p> <p>List of Abbreviations xxii</p> <p>Acknowledgement xxv</p> <p><b>1 Introduction 1<br /> </b><i>Thomas Hatzold</i></p> <p>1.1 Coffee—a popular beverage 1</p> <p>1.2 Coffee from a nutritional perspective 1</p> <p>1.3 Potential beneficial effects of coffee 2</p> <p>1.4 Limitations to the beneficial effects 3</p> <p>1.5 History 5</p> <p>1.6 Coffee production worldwide 5</p> <p>1.7 Coffee processing: formation and fate of bioactive compounds 5</p> <p>1.8 New processes to optimize the health benefits of coffee 10</p> <p>1.9 Coffee preparation 12<br /> </p> <p>1.10 Coffee beverages and specialties 14</p> <p>1.11 Coffee consumption 14</p> <p>1.12 Conclusions 16</p> <p><b>2 Coffee Constituents 21<br /> </b><i>Adriana Farah</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 21</p> <p>2.2 Production of coffee and coffee-based beverages 22</p> <p>2.3 Natural coffee constituents 26</p> <p>2.4 Incidental coffee constituents 43</p> <p>2.5 Concluding remarks 50</p> <p><b>3 Bioavailability of Coffee Chlorogenic Acids 59<br /> </b><i>Angelique Stalmach</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 59</p> <p>3.2 Chlorogenic acids: contribution of coffee to dietary levels ingested 59</p> <p>3.4 Conclusions 72</p> <p><b>4 Coffee and Alzheimer’s Disease: Animal and Cellular Evidence 77<br /> </b><i>Marshall G. Miller and Barbara Shukitt-Hale</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 77</p> <p>4.2 Alzheimer’s disease 77</p> <p>4.3 Coffee 81</p> <p>4.4 Caffeine 82</p> <p>4.5 Phenolics 86</p> <p>4.6 Other coffee constituents 89</p> <p>4.7 Conclusions 91</p> <p><b>5 Coffee and Alzheimer’s Disease—Epidemiologic Evidence 97<br /> </b><i>Joan Lindsay, Pierre-Hugues Carmichael, Edeltraut Kr¨oger, and Danielle Laurin</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 97</p> <p>5.2 Review of epidemiologic studies of coffee in relation to Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and selected aspects of cognitive functioning 98</p> <p>5.3 The strength of the evidence for preventing Alzheimer’s disease 106</p> <p><b>6 Coffee and Parkinson's Disease 111<br /> </b><i>Jing-Wei Lim and Eng-King Tan</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 111</p> <p>6.2 Pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease 111</p> <p>6.3 Gene and environmental/lifestyle factors 112</p> <p>6.4 Clinical evidence linking coffee consumption and Parkinson's disease 113</p> <p>6.5 Neuroprotection and active components of coffee 115</p> <p>6.6 Adenosine receptor antagonism and Parkinson's disease 116</p> <p>6.7 Caffeine rescue of Parkinson's disease in animal models 116</p> <p>6.8 Clinical trials of adenosine receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease 117</p> <p>6.9 Caffeine-mediated genetic susceptibility of Parkinson's disease 118</p> <p>6.10 Summary 118</p> <p><b>7 Coffee and Liver Health 123<br /> </b><i>Pablo Muriel and Jonathan Arauz</i></p> <p>7.1 The liver 123</p> <p>7.2 Epidemiologic studies 124</p> <p>7.3 Coffee, fibrosis, and cirrhosis 124</p> <p>7.4 Coffee and animal models of hepatic fibrosis 126</p> <p>7.5 Cytokines and liver fibrosis 127</p> <p>7.6 Mechanism of coffee’s protective effect 128</p> <p>7.7 Adenosine A2A receptors and caffeine 132</p> <p>7.8 Caffeine metabolism and drug interactions 134</p> <p>7.9 Conclusions 134</p> <p><b>8 Coffee and Type 2 Diabetes Risk 141<br /> </b><i>Nathan V. Matusheski, Siamak Bidel, and Jaakko Tuomilehto</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 141</p> <p>8.2 Observational associations between coffee consumption and type 2 diabetes risk 142</p> <p>8.3 Coffee preparation 154</p> <p>8.4 Observational associations between coffee consumption and diabetes risk factors 156</p> <p>8.5 Intervention studies in human subjects 159</p> <p>8.6 Possible mechanisms of action 166</p> <p>8.7 Summary and conclusions 170</p> <p><b>9 Coffee and Cardiovascular Diseases 181<br /> </b><i>Siamak Bidel and Jaakko Tuomilehto</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 181</p> <p>9.2 Coffee components and CVD 181</p> <p>9.3 Early, transient, or acute effects of coffee consumption on CVD 183</p> <p>9.4 Coffee metabolism and CVD: genetic influences 185</p> <p>9.5 Long-term habitual coffee consumption and CVD 185</p> <p>9.6 Coffee consumption and heart failure 189</p> <p>9.7 Coffee consumption and stroke 189</p> <p>9.8 Summary 190</p> <p><b>10 Coffee and Cancers 197<br /> </b><i>Andre Nkondjock</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 197</p> <p>10.2 Breast cancer 198</p> <p>10.3 Colorectal cancer 198</p> <p>10.4 Prostate cancer 199</p> <p>10.5 Bladder cancer 199</p> <p>10.6 Gastric cancer 200</p> <p>10.7 Ovarian cancer 201</p> <p>10.8 Pancreatic cancer 201</p> <p>10.9 Liver cancer 201</p> <p>10.10 Head and neck cancers 202</p> <p>10.11 Endometrial cancer 203</p> <p>10.12 Kidney cancer 204</p> <p>10.13 Brain cancer 204</p> <p>10.14 Cancer survival 204</p> <p>10.15 Conclusions 205</p> <p><b>11 Coffee Consumption and Mortality Risk 211<br /> </b><i>Kemmyo Sugiyama, Shinichi Kuriyama, and Ichiro Tsuji</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 211</p> <p>11.2 Coffee consumption and all-cause mortality 211</p> <p>11.3 Coffee consumption and CVD mortality 221</p> <p>11.4 Coffee consumption and cancer mortality 222</p> <p>11.5 Possible mechanism of CVD mortality reduction by coffee 223</p> <p>11.6 Conclusions 223</p> <p><b>12 Is Coffee the Next Red Wine? Coffee Polyphenol and Cholesterol Efflux 227<br /> </b><i>Harumi Kondo, Makoto Ayaori, and Katsunori Ikewaki</i></p> <p>12.1 High-density lipoprotein and cardiovascular disease 227</p> <p>12.2 Coffee and cardiovascular disease 227</p> <p>12.3 Coffee polyphenols 228</p> <p>12.4 Coffee polyphenols and cholesterol efflux 229</p> <p><b>13 Additional Positive Impacts on Health 233<br /> </b><i>Yi-Fang Chu and Yumin Chen</i></p> <p>13.1 Coffee intake and reduced risk of suicide 233</p> <p>13.2 Enhanced cognitive performance and mood 235</p> <p>13.3 Coffee bioactive compounds 236</p> <p><b>14 Epidemiological Evidence for Maternal Prenatal Coffee and Caffeine Consumption and Miscarriage Risk 243<br /> </b><i>Ronna L. Chan</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 243</p> <p>14.2 Coffee consumption during pregnancy: a three-decade-old concern 243</p> <p>14.3 Evidence from the current literature 244</p> <p>14.4 Methodological concerns and limitations for studies on coffee or caffeine exposure and miscarriage 247</p> <p>14.5 Risk for recurrent miscarriage 253</p> <p>14.6 Conclusion, public health implications, and recommendations for future studies 254</p> <p><b>15 Acrylamide in Coffee 259<br /> </b><i>Richard H. Stadler and Viviane Theurillat</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 259</p> <p>15.2 Methods of analysis 260</p> <p>15.3 Occurrence in coffee and exposure estimates 260</p> <p>15.4 Mechanisms of formation 262</p> <p>15.5 Mitigation options 264</p> <p>15.6 Risk assessment and risk management 268</p> <p>15.7 Conclusions 270</p> <p><b>16 Impact of Coffee on Gastric Acid Secretion 275<br /> </b><i>Malte J. Rubach and Veronika Somoza</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 275</p> <p>16.2 Regulation of gastric acid secretion 276</p> <p>16.3 Effects of coffee on gastric secretion 279</p> <p>16.4 Optimization of coffee bean processing to reduce the gastric acid stimulatory potential of coffee 285</p> <p>16.5 Dietary impact on the gastric acid stimulatory potential of coffee 286<br /> </p> <p>16.6 Conclusions 287</p> <p><b>17 Potential Mental Risks 293<br /> </b><i>Emma Childs and Harriet de Wit</i></p> <p>17.1 Epidemiology of coffee and other forms of caffeine 293</p> <p>17.2 Beneficial effects of caffeine 295</p> <p>17.3 Risks associated with caffeine use 296</p> <p>17.4 Summary and conclusions 301</p> <p><b>18 Furan in Coffee 307<br /> </b><i>Helmut Guenther</i><br /> </p> <p>18.1 Introduction 307</p> <p>18.2 Physical and chemical properties 307</p> <p>18.3 Toxicology and risk assessment 307</p> <p>18.4 Occurrence of furan in coffee 309</p> <p>18.5 Conclusion 316</p> <p>References 316</p> <p>Index 319</p>

<b>Dr Yi-Fang Chu</b> was Head of the Global Coffee Wellness Research Group at Kraft Foods Global Inc., Glenview, Illinois, USA. He is currently with PepsiCo Global Nutrition, Barrington, Illinois

Coffee is one of the most beloved beverages in the world, making it the second most traded commodity in the world (just behind crude oil). The conventional notion that drinking coffee might be detrimental to human health derives from studies carried out in the 1950s and 1960s. This research failed to account for cigarette smoking which, as was discovered later, confounded and masked coffee's benefits. Since then, and especially since the new millennium, research evidence for coffee's health benefits has mounted significantly. More and more large and long-term studies have demonstrated that coffee offers protection against type 2 diabetes, assorted cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. <p><i>Coffee: Emerging Health Benefits and Disease Prevention</i> is the first book to present a contemporary and comprehensive summary of the newly-understood bioactive effects of the many compounds in coffee. The breadth and depth of coverage is extensive and balanced, focusing on the following topics: coffee constituents and their bioavailability; pro- and antioxidant properties; the health benefits and disease prevention effects of coffee; and potential negative health impacts. Multiple chapters describe coffee's positive impacts on health and various diseases, including type 2 diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and cardiovascular and liver diseases. Coffee's positive effects on mood, suicide rate and cognitive performance are addressed, as are the negative health impacts of coffee on pregnancy, insulin sensitivity, dehydration, gastric irritation, anxiety, and withdrawal syndrome issues.</p> <p>Written by many of the top researchers in the world, this volume is a must-have reference for food professionals in academia, industry, and governmental & regulatory agencies whose work involves coffee.</p>

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