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<p>Foreword xiii</p> <p><b>1 COVID- 19: A Pandemic - Introduction 1<br /> </b><i>Pratik Kulkarni, Tejas Barot, Piyush Rao, Aayush Dey, and Deepak Rawtani</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction: Sources and Chemical Activities of COVID- 19 1</p> <p>1.1.1 Sources and Transmission 2</p> <p>1.1.2 Structure of SARS- CoV- 2 3</p> <p>1.1.3 Common Symptoms, Immune Reaction to the Virus, and Mechanism of Entry 3</p> <p>1.1.3.1 Immuno- evasion of Coronaviruses 4</p> <p>1.1.3.2 World at Loss due to COVID- 19 5</p> <p>1.1.3.3 Incubation Period 6</p> <p>1.1.3.4 SARS- CoV- 2 and Basic Reproduction Number (R0) 6</p> <p>1.1.3.5 Pathological Characteristics 6</p> <p>1.1.3.6 Case Definitions 7</p> <p>1.1.3.7 Prevention of Transmission 7</p> <p>1.1.3.8 Quarantine 8</p> <p>1.1.3.9 Global Response by WHO 9</p> <p>1.1.4 Treatments 10</p> <p>1.1.4.1 General Treatment Strategies for COVID- 19 10</p> <p>1.1.4.2 Antiviral Therapy 10</p> <p>1.1.4.3 COVID- 19 Convalescent Plasma for Prophylaxis 10</p> <p>1.1.4.4 FDA- Approved Drug/Agents for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) 11</p> <p>1.1.4.5 Vaccines 11</p> <p>1.1.5 Conclusion 12</p> <p>References 12</p> <p><b>2 Viability of COVID- 19 in Different Environmental Surfaces 19<br /> </b><i>Saeida Saadat, Piyush K. Rao, Nitasha Khatri, and Deepak Rawtani</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 19</p> <p>2.2 Transmission of COVID- 19 20</p> <p>2.2.1 Influence of Environmental Factors on Transmission of COVID- 19 21</p> <p>2.3 Survival of COVID- 19 on Different Environmental Surfaces 23</p> <p>2.3.1 Survival of COVID- 19 on Households and Hospitals Surfaces 24</p> <p>2.3.2 Stability of COVID- 19 in Liquid Media 25</p> <p>2.4 Disinfection of the Surfaces as an Efficient Weapon Against Coronaviruses 26</p> <p>2.5 Conclusion 27</p> <p>References 28</p> <p><b>3 Influence of Environmental Factors in Transmission of COVID- 19 35<br /> </b><i>Aayush Dey, Piyush K. Rao, and Deepak Rawtani</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 35</p> <p>3.2 Temperature, Humidity, and Transmission of COVID- 19 37</p> <p>3.3 Precipitation and Its Effects on COVID- 19 Transmission 37</p> <p>3.4 Food Industry and COVID- 19 Transmission 38</p> <p>3.5 Water and Sewage as a Medium for COVID- 19 Transmission 39</p> <p>3.6 COVID- 19 Transmission via Air 39</p> <p>3.7 Transmission of COVID- 19 Through Insects 40</p> <p>3.8 Personal Hygiene Amidst COVID- 19 Transmission 41</p> <p>3.9 Prevalence of SARS- CoV- 2 42</p> <p>3.10 Disinfection of Surfaces – SARS- CoV- 2 46</p> <p>3.10.1 Suspension Tests for Surface Disinfection 46</p> <p>3.10.2 Carrier Tests for Surface Disinfection 47</p> <p>3.10.3 Ultraviolet (UV- C) Radiation- Mediated Disinfection of SARS- CoV- 2 47</p> <p>3.11 Conclusion 50</p> <p>References 51</p> <p><b>4 Models and Strategies for Controlling the Transmission of COVID- 19 59<br /> </b><i>Yigĭtcan Sümbelli, Semra Köse, Rüstem Keçili, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 59</p> <p>4.2 Routes for the Transmission of COVID- 19 60</p> <p>4.3 Models for the Transmission of COVID- 19 61</p> <p>4.4 Strategies for the Transmission Control of COVID- 19 62</p> <p>4.5 Conclusions 64</p> <p>References 64</p> <p><b>5 Traditional Analytical Techniques and Sampling of COVID- 19 67<br /> </b><i>Aayush Dey, Piyush K. Rao, Pratik Kulkarni, and Deepak Rawtani</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 67</p> <p>5.2 Sample Collection from Patients 68</p> <p>5.2.1 Sample Acquisition from Nose 69</p> <p>5.2.2 Sample Acquisition from Saliva 69</p> <p>5.2.3 Stool Sample Acquisition 70</p> <p>5.2.3.1 Sample Collection from Environmental Surfaces 70</p> <p>5.2.3.2 Timing of the Environmental Sample Collection 71</p> <p>5.2.3.3 Environmental Sampling Methods and Procedure 71</p> <p>5.2.3.4 Transport and Storage of the Samples 71</p> <p>5.2.3.5 Novel Sample Collection Technique 72</p> <p>5.2.3.6 Current Diagnosis for COVID- 19 72</p> <p>5.2.4 Nucleic Acid Testing 73</p> <p>5.2.4.1 Reverse Transcription- Based Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT- PCR) 73</p> <p>5.2.4.2 Real- Time RT- PCR (rRT- PCR) 73</p> <p>5.2.5 Computed Tomography 74</p> <p>5.3 Conclusion 75</p> <p>References 75</p> <p><b>6 Modern Sensor- Based Techniques for Identification of COVID- 19 79<br /> </b><i>Pratik Kulkarni, Shyam Vasvani, Tejas D. Barot, Piyush K. Rao, and Aayush Dey</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction: Current Diagnosis for COVID- 19 79</p> <p>6.2 Newer and Emerging Technologies 79</p> <p>6.2.1 Isothermal Amplification Assays 80</p> <p>6.2.1.1 SHERLOCK Assay 80</p> <p>6.2.1.2 RT- LAMP Assay 82</p> <p>6.2.2 Protein- Based Tests 82</p> <p>6.2.3 Point- of- Care (POC) Testing 83</p> <p>6.2.4 Aptamer- Based Assay Techniques 84</p> <p>6.2.4.1 Rapid Lateral Flow Platforms Based on Aptamer Technology 85</p> <p>6.2.4.2 Aptamer- Based Diagnostics of COVID- 19 in the Future 86</p> <p>6.2.5 Other Novel Technologies Developed for SARS- CoV- 2 Detection 88</p> <p>6.2.5.1 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) Sensor 88</p> <p>6.2.5.2 Field- Effect Transistor (FET) 88</p> <p>6.2.5.3 Cell- Based Potentiometric Biosensor 89</p> <p>6.3 Conclusion 90</p> <p>References 90</p> <p><b>7 Advanced Digital Tools for Tracing and Analysis of COVID- 19 95<br /> </b><i>Archana Singh, Aayush Dey, and Deepak Rawtani</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 95</p> <p>7.2 Developments in Digital Strategies for COVID- 19 96</p> <p>7.2.1 Monitoring of COVID- 19 Infection 96</p> <p>7.2.2 Digital Techniques in Tracing and Analysis 97</p> <p>7.2.2.1 Flow Modeling Tools 98</p> <p>7.2.2.2 Quarantine Compliance Tools 98</p> <p>7.2.2.3 COVID- 19 Symptom Tracking Tools 99</p> <p>7.2.2.4 Proximity Tracing Tools for COVID- 19 99</p> <p>7.2.2.5 Contact Tracing Tool 99</p> <p>7.2.2.6 Quarantine and Self- Isolation 103</p> <p>7.3 Artificial Intelligence in Curbing COVID- 19 103</p> <p>7.3.1 Predictive Models and Tracking of COVID- 19 via AI 104</p> <p>7.3.2 AI in the Screening of COVID- 19 Cases 104</p> <p>7.3.3 Pre- Diagnostics of COVID- 19 and AI 105</p> <p>7.3.4 AI in Protein Structure Mapping 105</p> <p>7.3.5 AI and Development of Vaccines 105</p> <p>7.3.6 AI in Genomics 105</p> <p>7.4 Conclusion 105</p> <p>References 106</p> <p><b>8 Challenges and Preventive Interventions in COVID- 19 Transmission through Domestic Chemistry Hygiene: A Critical Assessment 111<br /> </b><i>Kanika Sharma, Payal Kesharwani, Ankit Jain, Nishi Mody, Gunjan Sharma, Swapnil Sharma, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 111</p> <p>8.2 Bioaerosolization: Ground for Transmission of SARS- CoV- 2 112</p> <p>8.3 Fomites: Role in the Transmission of COVID- 19 113</p> <p>8.4 Vulnerable Places for COVID- 19 114</p> <p>8.5 Exposure to SARS- CoV- 2 in Aerosolized Wastewater and Dynamic from the Sanitary Plumbing System 116</p> <p>8.5.1 Bioaerosol Generation by Toilet Flushing 116</p> <p>8.5.2 Bioaerosol Produced During Wastewater Treatment 116</p> <p>8.5.3 Bioaerosol Produced During Irrigation 116</p> <p>8.6 Scientific and Technological Solution for the Hygiene of Toilet Area to Curb COVID- 19 and Other Infections 117</p> <p>8.6.1 Maintaining Hygiene and Sanitation of Bathroom by Physical and Chemical Disinfection 117</p> <p>8.6.2 Antimicrobial Surface 118</p> <p>8.6.3 Anti- adhesive Surface 119</p> <p>8.6.4 No- Contact Use for the Operation of Sanitary Facility: Sensor Technology 120</p> <p>8.6.5 Inexpensive Preventive Approaches Used at Home 120</p> <p>8.6.6 Technology to Detect Virus 121</p> <p>8.6.7 Steps for Wastewater Management 122</p> <p>8.7 Conclusive Remarks and Prospects for Future Research 122</p> <p>Acknowledgments 122</p> <p>Conflict of Interest 122</p> <p>References 123</p> <p><b>9 Industries and COVID- 19 127<br /> </b><i>Pratik Kulkarni, Shyam Vasvani, Tejas D. Barot, Aayush Dey, and Deepak Rawtani</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 127</p> <p>9.2 Renewable and Green Energy Industries 129</p> <p>9.3 Agriculture Industry 130</p> <p>9.4 Petroleum and Oil Industry 130</p> <p>9.5 Manufacturing Industry 131</p> <p>9.6 Education 131</p> <p>9.7 Health Care Industry 132</p> <p>9.8 Pharmaceutical Industry 132</p> <p>9.9 Hospitality 133</p> <p>9.10 Tourism 133</p> <p>9.11 Air Travel 134</p> <p>9.12 Real Estate and Housing Industry 134</p> <p>9.13 Sports Industry 135</p> <p>9.14 Information Technology, Media, Research and Development 135</p> <p>9.15 Food Sector 136</p> <p>9.16 Conclusion 137</p> <p>References 138</p> <p><b>10 Ramifications of Coronavirus on the Environment 143<br /> </b><i>Elisa Kalugendo, Manka Marycleopha, Piyush K. Rao, and Dharmesh Silajiya</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 143</p> <p>10.2 Footprints of Coronavirus Pandemic on the Surroundings (Mother Nature) 144</p> <p>10.3 Increase in Hospital Wastes 145</p> <p>10.4 COVID- 19 Declined Global Warming 146</p> <p>10.5 Poor Management of Waste 146</p> <p>10.6 Reset of Nature 147</p> <p>10.7 Soil Contamination 148</p> <p>10.8 Destruction of Arable Land 149</p> <p>10.9 Increased Poaching Activity 150</p> <p>10.10 COVID- 19 Resulted in the Loss of a Great Number of People 150</p> <p>10.11 Negligence of Environmental Sanitation 151</p> <p>10.12 Decrease of Municipal Wastewater Particles 152</p> <p>10.13 Future Implications 153</p> <p>References 154</p> <p><b>11 Management of Risks Associated with COVID- 19 159<br /> </b><i>Shrutika Singla, Shruthi Subhash, and Amarnath Mishra</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 159</p> <p>11.2 Types 160</p> <p>11.3 Origin 161</p> <p>11.4 Structure 162</p> <p>11.5 Risk Associated with COVID- 19 163</p> <p>11.5.1 Risk at Hospitals or Point- of- Care Centers 164</p> <p>11.5.2 Risk at Airport and Other Transport Mediums 165</p> <p>11.5.3 Environmental Risk Due to COVID- 19 165</p> <p>11.6 Risk Management and Mitigation 166</p> <p>11.6.1 Gathering Information from Different Sources 166</p> <p>11.6.2 Preventing National and International Traveling 166</p> <p>11.6.3 Vaccination 167</p> <p>11.6.4 Self- Isolation and Quarantine 167</p> <p>11.6.5 Clinical Management 167</p> <p>11.6.6 Masks and PPE Kits Use 167</p> <p>11.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 168</p> <p>References 168</p> <p><b>12 Case Studies: COVID- 19 and the Environment 171<br /> </b><i>Aayush Dey, Pratik Kulkarni, Piyush K. Rao, Nitasha Khatri, and Deepak Rawtani</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 171</p> <p>12.2 COVID- 19 and Its Impact on the Environment – A Case Study of China 172</p> <p>12.3 Environmental Impact of Particulate Matter in Italy Due to COVID- 19 173</p> <p>12.4 Impact Upon the Atmospheric Environment of the Southeast Asia Region 173</p> <p>12.5</p> <p>Impact of COVID- 19 Lockdown on PM 10 , SO 2 , and NO 2 Concentrations in Salé City, Morocco 175</p> <p>12.6 Correlation of Pandemic- Induced Lockdown and Stone Quarrying and Crushing – An Indian Perspective 175</p> <p>12.7 Temperature vs. COVID- 19 Transmission – Brazil 176</p> <p>12.8 Correlation of COVID- 19 and Air Quality in Spain 177</p> <p>12.8.1 Conclusive Statements 177</p> <p>12.9 Weather Impacts COVID- 19 Transmission – A Case Study of Turkey 178</p> <p>12.10 COVID- 19 vs. Ambient Temperature – A Perspective of Canada 178</p> <p>12.11 Conclusion 180</p> <p>References 180</p> <p><b>13 Effect of Waste Generated Due to COVID- 19 185<br /> </b><i>Saeida Saadat, Piyush K. Rao, Nitasha Khatri, and Deepak Rawtani</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 185</p> <p>13.2 Impact of COVID- 19 on Waste Production 186</p> <p>13.3 Classification of Waste Generated Due to the COVID- 19 Pandemic 187</p> <p>13.3.1 Domestic Waste 187</p> <p>13.3.2 Biomedical Waste 189</p> <p>13.4 Reduction in Waste Recycling 190</p> <p>13.5 Environmental Impacts of COVID- 19 190</p> <p>13.6 Management of the Generated Waste Due to the COVID- 19 Pandemic 192</p> <p>13.7 Technical Approaches to Waste Management for the Post- COVID- 19 World 193</p> <p>13.8 Conclusion 195</p> <p>References 196</p> <p><b>14 Strategies for Effective Waste Management for COVID- 19 203<br /> </b><i>Aayush Dey, Nitasha Khatri, Piyush K. Rao, and Deepak Rawtani</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 203</p> <p>14.2 Composition of Wastes Corresponding to the COVID- 19 Pandemic 204</p> <p>14.3 Solid Waste 205</p> <p>14.3.1 Food Wastes 205</p> <p>14.3.1.1 Probable Management Strategies 206</p> <p>14.3.2 Plastic Wastes 207</p> <p>14.3.2.1 Plastic Waste Management Strategies 208</p> <p>14.3.3 Municipal Solid Waste and Management Strategies 208</p> <p>14.4 Biomedical Wastes 209</p> <p>14.4.1 Hazardous Biomedical Wastes 209</p> <p>14.4.1.1 Infectious Waste 209</p> <p>14.4.1.2 Pathological Waste 209</p> <p>14.4.1.3 Sharps Waste 211</p> <p>14.4.1.4 Chemical Waste 211</p> <p>14.4.1.5 Pharmaceutical Waste 211</p> <p>14.4.1.6 Genotoxic Waste 211</p> <p>14.4.2 Probable Mitigation Strategies for Hazardous Biomedical Wastes Generated Due to COVID- 19 211</p> <p>14.4.2.1 Incineration 211</p> <p>14.4.2.2 Thermal Strategies for Biomedical Waste Mitigation 212</p> <p>14.4.2.3 Biomedical Waste Management- Based via Chemical Techniques 213</p> <p>14.4.2.4 COVID- 19 Biomedical Waste Management via Steam Sterilization Technique 213</p> <p>14.5 A Global Perspective Upon COVID- 19 Waste Management 214</p> <p>14.5.1 India’s Take on COVID- 19 Waste Management 214</p> <p>14.5.2 COVID- 19 Waste Management in Spain 214</p> <p>14.5.3 Practices for COVID- 19 Waste Management by the United States 215</p> <p>14.5.4 China’s COVID- 19 Waste Management Strategy 215</p> <p>14.6 Conclusion 215</p> <p>References 216</p> <p><b>15 Environmental Policies and Strategies for COVID- 19 221<br /> </b><i>Vimbai Masiyambiri, Piyush K. Rao, Nitasha Khatri, and Deepak Rawtani</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 221</p> <p>15.2 Linking Policy with the Environment 222</p> <p>15.3 Challenges of Creating Environmental Policy for COVID- 19 and Subsequent Pandemics 226</p> <p>15.3.1 Reactive Policies 226</p> <p>15.3.2 Proactive Policy Formulation for COVID- 19 227</p> <p>15.3.3 Environmental Indifference, Role of Media and COVID- 19 Environmental Policy 227</p> <p>15.4 Environmental Strategies for COVID- 19 228</p> <p>15.4.1 Risk Analyses and Assessment of COVID- 19 229</p> <p>15.4.2 Implementation of Early Warning Systems in the Environment 229</p> <p>15.4.3 Post- COVID- 19 Crisis Management of the Environment 230</p> <p>15.4.4 Building Infrastructure for Separation of Waste 231</p> <p>15.5 Conclusion 231</p> <p>References 232</p> <p><b>16 Environmental Implications of Pandemic on Climate 235<br /> </b><i>Sapna Jain, Bhawna Yadav Lamba, Madhuben Sharma, and Sanjeev Kumar</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 235</p> <p>16.2 Cast Study 1: Megacities of India 236</p> <p>16.2.1 Methodology 236</p> <p>16.2.2 Size Description and Data Collection 236</p> <p>16.3 Results and Analysis 237</p> <p>16.3.1 Meteorology and Air Quality in Megacities 238</p> <p>16.4 Cast Study 2: Selected Cities of Rajasthan, India 239</p> <p>16.4.1 Methodology 239</p> <p>16.4.2 Size Description and Data Collection 239</p> <p>16.5 Result and Analysis 240</p> <p>16.5.1 Meteorology and Air Quality: Case Study 2 241</p> <p>16.6 Special Area of Study: Bhiwadi 241</p> <p>16.7 Conclusion 242</p> <p>References 243</p> <p><b>17 COVID- 19 Pandemic: A Blessing in Disguise 245<br /> </b><i>Pratik Kulkarni, Tejas D. Barot, Piyush K. Rao, and Deepak Rawtani</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction: A “Make or Break” Perspective 245</p> <p>17.2 How Coronavirus Is Shaping Sustainable Development 246</p> <p>17.2.1 Moving Toward a Sustainable Future 248</p> <p>17.2.2 Building Back Better After COVID- 19 249</p> <p>17.2.3 Global Shift to Renewable Energy. Is COVID- 19 Slowing It? 250</p> <p>17.2.4 Clean Energy Momentum 250</p> <p>17.3 Reverting to Dirty Fuels 250</p> <p>17.3.1 Part Shortages 251</p> <p>17.4 Consequences of the Pandemic on Fragile States 251</p> <p>17.4.1 Food Systems and the Biodiversity Connection 251</p> <p>17.4.2 Mining, Conflict, and Land Rights 252</p> <p>17.4.3 Prevention of Pandemic and Its Cost Measures 252</p> <p>17.4.4 Prevention of New Pandemics 253</p> <p>17.4.5 Climate Change and Wildlife 254</p> <p>17.4.6 Necessary Responses Needed 254</p> <p>17.5 Energy Security 255</p> <p>17.6 Conclusion 257</p> <p>References 257</p> <p>Index 261</p>

<p><b>Deepak Rawtani,</b> School of Pharmacy, National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, India. <p><b>Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain,</b> Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, USA.

<p><b>Discover the wider environmental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic with this up to date resource from leading voices in the field</b> <p><i>The Environmental Impact of COVID-19</i> delivers an insightful analysis of various environmental aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic that have caused global concern. The book discusses the transmission of COVID-19 in the environment, the pandemic’s environmental impact, risk mitigation and management, management of COVID-related waste, and the environmental implications of the virus. <p>It also considers the socio-economic implications of COVID-19’s spread, including the effects of international lockdowns on different strata of society and various industries, including the biomedical industry, the environmental industry, and the pharmaceutical industry. <p>An entire section of the text is devoted to a discussion about the waste generated due to COVID-19 and the effect of that waste on different environmental bodies. Another is dedicated to the impact of COVID-19 on the environment in the short- and long-term, including its effect on climate and climate change. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: <ul><li>A thorough introduction to the transmission of COVID-19 in the environment, including its viability in different environmental media and the effect of environmental factors in its transmission</li> <li>An evaluation and analysis of COVID-19, including traditional analytical techniques and sampling for COVID-19 and modern sensor-based techniques for identification</li> <li>An exploration of the socio-economic implications of COVID-19, including its effect on a variety of industries</li> <li>A treatment of the environmental impact of COVID-19 in the context of risk mitigation and management</li></ul> <p>Perfect for academics and industry professionals whose work requires them to understand the wider environmental implications of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, <i>The Environmental Impact of COVID-19</i> will also earn a place in the libraries of private sector professionals working on products and services that aim to reduce the environmental impact of the coronavirus.

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